Reduce Mosquito-Borne Diseases with Disease Testing

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How Data Collection and Testing Help Reduce Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Mosquitoes are known to transmit several dangerous diseases that can pose a threat to human health. In the United States, mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and dengue have all caused significant harm to communities nationwide – making the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases crucial for helping keep citizens safe. 

Proactively reducing the spread of these diseases starts with effective mosquito surveillance as part of an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) plan. Once adult mosquitoes are collected from various traps, they are sorted, identified, and analyzed in a lab where they undergo several tests, including disease testing. By testing adult mosquitoes for diseases, we can identify areas where disease-carrying mosquitoes are present and take appropriate action to reduce their population – ultimately reducing the spread of mosquito-borne diseases

VDCI lab testing vial mosquito control education

How Mosquito-Borne Disease Testing Works

Integrated Mosquito Management plans require extensive knowledge of mosquito species, breeding activities, and population dynamics to be successful. By conducting regular adult mosquito surveillance, experts can steadily monitor local populations, allowing us to detect mosquito-borne diseases weeks before they can be transmitted to humans or animals. Here’s how the disease testing process works:

  1. Our expert entomologists strategically set adult mosquito traps throughout a given area. Various mosquito traps are used depending on what information is desired. Each trap has its own unique advantages, many attract specific mosquito species, thereby focusing efforts to collect certain mosquito species that are more likely to carry disease. Traps are typically set weekly for regular population monitoring.

  2. Once a mosquito sample is collected, our entomologists will take them back to the lab for mosquito-borne disease testing.

  3. To identify which diseases are present in mosquito populations, our laboratory technicians will run PCR and RAMP® WNv tests. PCR tests allow us to detect different pathogens that are present inside the mosquito, while RAMP® tests are designed to detect West Nile virus, a commonly found mosquito-borne disease in the U.S.

  4. If a mosquito sample tests positive for any mosquito-borne diseases, our entomologists will report the results to all appropriate local and state health departments. With this data, experts can determine the severity of a disease outbreak and respond with effective mosquito management solutions. This often involves returning to the area where the sample was collected and employing adult and larval mosquito control efforts. 
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Testing Best Practices

Mosquito-borne disease testing is crucial for helping support effective and environmentally responsible mosquito control. It’s important to follow industry best practices when testing mosquitoes for diseases such as West Nile and malaria. 

  1. Test mosquitoes regularly to ensure we detect the presence of mosquito-borne diseases in a timely manner. 

  2. Test mosquitoes trapped in various parts of the community to ensure we are casting a wide net for mosquito surveillance in the whole community. 

  3. Use mosquito-borne disease testing results to drive IMM programs and reduce the spread of disease. 

When a mosquito pool tests positive for a disease, the results of these tests are immediately communicated to government and health officials. This allows decision-makers to act quickly to reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases within their communities. By following these best practices, we can arm public officials with the knowledge they need to make control decisions to reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases

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Why Mosquito-Borne Disease Testing and Surveillance Matters

Mosquito-borne diseases can have severe consequences on the health and well-being of our communities nationwide. These diseases are transmitted through mosquito bites and can cause symptoms ranging from fever, rash, and neurological problems. Mosquito-borne disease testing and mosquito surveillance provide data and insights to drive a more effective IMM plan that works to reduce mosquito breeding sites and control both nuisance and disease-carrying mosquitoes.

A successful IMM program involves more than mosquito-borne disease testing. Several key pillars, including adult mosquito and larval surveillance, employing a variety of control strategies, and implementing public education within the community, are all part of a comprehensive program’s success. Citizens can help reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases by following the 4Ds: Defend, Dress, Drain, and Dusk & Dawn. Applying an EPA-approved mosquito repellent and wearing close-toe shoes, light-colored clothing, and long sleeves and pants while outdoors can significantly protect you from mosquito bites. Draining any standing water that could be a potential mosquito breeding site significantly reduces the mosquito population and the application of insecticides. In addition, limiting your outdoor exposure time, especially from dusk to dawn when mosquitos are most active, will lessen your chances of being bitten. When a comprehensive IMM program is established, it will protect public health and keep our communities safe. 

Importance of Integrated Mosquito Management

Our scientific experts at VDCI have the experience, knowledge, and equipment required to implement a comprehensive IMM plan. A proactive approach to mosquito surveillance reduces mosquito-borne diseases and provides adequate time to respond to disease threats before becoming a serious issue to the public. With our industry-leading experts guiding mosquito management strategies in the communities we serve, you can rest assured that your citizens are protected.

Contact Our Experts

Complete the form below to speak to an expert about your community’s mosquito management needs.

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

2023 Mosquito-Borne Disease Year In Review

West-Nile-Virus-UK-spread-Europe-outbreak-1001738

Exploring the Impact of Mosquito-Borne Diseases In 2023

In recent years, the United States has experienced an increase in the abundance and distribution of mosquito-borne diseases. The expansion of mosquito habitats, fueled by climate change, urban development, and other human-related factors poses considerable risks to public health. The need for increased vigilance and proactive strategies is clear in the 2023 data reported by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, which indicates a resurgence of locally acquired malaria, a dramatic increase in West Nile virus cases, and shifts in the distribution of diseases like La Crosse encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, dengue, Jamestown Canyon virus, and St. Louis encephalitis. In our 2023 review, we analyze the details of each disease, including case counts, notable trends, and the potential impact on public health.

*Please note, at the time of publishing this information, mosquito-borne disease-related deaths have not been reported by the CDC.

Malaria

While uncommon in the United States, 9 locally acquired malaria cases were reported across Florida (7 cases), Texas (1 case), and Maryland (1 case) during the summer of 2023. Though believed to be isolated events, the majority of these cases were caused by Plasmodium vivax, a protozoal parasite that infects the blood of its host and causes disease in humans.

Malaria can present with symptoms such as fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Severe cases may result in complications affecting the kidneys, lungs, and blood vessels. It is crucial to note that malaria can affect individuals of all ages, and prompt diagnosis is essential for effective treatment.

Typically, the United States records over 1,000 imported cases of malaria each year and zero locally acquired cases. According to the CDC, locally acquired mosquito-borne malaria has not been reported in the United States since 2003, when 8 cases were identified in Palm Beach County, FL. The main vector for malaria in the Eastern United States is Anopheles quadrimaculatus. The occurrence of 9 locally acquired malaria cases in 2023 serves as a reminder that mosquito dynamics are subject to change, and proactive measures are essential to address potential shifts in disease transmission patterns.

Malaria map global
Image Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html

West Nile virus

The frequency of West Nile virus infections reported in 2023 were more than double what we saw in 2022.  With torrential rains and flooding across many of the western states a total of 2,406 human disease cases were reported and many of those (n=1,599) experienced the most severe form of infection, including neuroinvasive symptoms. The top 5 states affected by this surge include  Colorado (626 cases), California (367 cases), Nebraska (150 cases), Illinois (113 cases), and South Dakota (93 cases). With 47 states reporting cases in 2023, compared to 43 in 2022, the virus continues to pose a widespread threat. 

Mosquitoes from the genera Culex are recognized as the primary vectors of the disease worldwide and in the U.S. Among these, Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus are the main species responsible for transmitting West Nile virus in the U.S. West Nile virus symptoms range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe neurological conditions. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to severe cases, experiencing complications such as meningitis and brain inflammation. 

Year Over Year Change

2023
2,406 cases (1,599 neuroinvasive)
2022
1,132 cases (827 neuroinvasive)
2021
2,911 cases (2,008 neuroinvasive)
2020
731 cases (559 neuroinvasive)

Top 5 states for Human Case Count:

2023 West Nile virus Cases In the U.S.
Image Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Accessed on January 31, 2024 https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/current-season-data.html
0
2023 Human Case Count
0
2022 Human Case Count
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States* reporting cases 2023
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States* reporting cases 2022

*note: CDC counts District of Columbia as a state

La Crosse Encephalitis

La Crosse encephalitis witnessed an increase in human cases, with 31 reported in 2023, including 30 neuroinvasive cases. Ohio (12 cases), Tennessee (5 cases), and West Virginia (5 cases) led the 10 states that reported cases. 

This mosquito-borne disease primarily affects children and can lead to symptoms such as fever, headache, nausea, and, in severe cases, neuroinvasive complications. The transmission of the La Crosse virus occurs through the bite of an infected Aedes triseriatus, commonly known as the Eastern tree-hole mosquito.

Year Over Year Change​

2023
31 cases (30 neuroinvasive)
2022
22 cases (19 neuroinvasive)
2021
40 cases (39 neuroinvasive)
2020
88 cases (84 neuroinvasive)

Top 3 states for Human Case Count:​

2023 La Crosse Encephalitis Cases In the U.S.
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Image Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Accessed on January 31, 2024 https://www.cdc.gov/lac/statistics/current-season-data.html
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2023 Human Case Count
0
2022 Human Case Count
0
States reporting cases 2023
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States reporting cases 2022

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Though there was only 1 case of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in 2022, 7 cases were reported by 4 states in 2023. All cases were neuroinvasive and occurred in the southeast – Alabama (3 cases), Florida (2 cases), Georgia (1 case), and Louisiana (1 case). 

While it primarily circulates between birds and the mosquito species Culiseta melanura, transmission to humans and animals can occur through mosquitoes of the Aedes, Coquillettidia, and Culex genera. These mosquitoes feed on infected birds and subsequently bite mammals, spreading the virus.

This disease poses a significant risk, especially among older adults and young children. Symptoms include high fever, headache, and, in severe cases, brain inflammation. The impact on vulnerable populations emphasizes targeted public health campaigns and mosquito control efforts.

Year Over Year Change​

2023
7 cases (7 neuroinvasive)
2022
1 case (1 neuroinvasive)
2021
5 cases (5 neuroinvasive)
2020
13 cases (13 neuroinvasive)

Top 4 states for Human Case Count:​

2023 Eastern Equine Encephalitis Cases In the U.S.
2023-disease-in-review
Image Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Accessed on January 31, 2024 https://www.cdc.gov/easternequineencephalitis/statistics-maps/current-season-data.html
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2023 Human Case Count
0
2022 Human Case Count
0
States reporting cases 2023
0
States reporting cases 2022

Jamestown Canyon Virus

Jamestown Canyon virus experienced a notable increase, with 21 human cases reported in 2023, 15 of which were neuroinvasive. Of the 7 states that reported cases, Wisconsin led with 9 human case counts, followed by Michigan (5 cases), Minnesota (2 cases), New Hampshire (2 cases), Illinois (1 case), New Jersey (1 case), and New York (1 case). 

The virus can be spread by different types of mosquitoes, with deer often serving as the amplifying host. Symptoms may include fever, headache, and neurological issues in severe cases. While not often fatal, the virus can cause long-term neurological complications. However, humans are deemed “dead-end” hosts for the virus, as their blood lacks the virus levels necessary to infect mosquitoes and propagate the disease further.

Year Over Year Change​

2023
21 cases (15 neuroinvasive)
2022
12 cases (11 neuroinvasive)
2021
32 cases (21 neuroinvasive)
2020
13 cases (10 neuroinvasive)

Top 4 states for Human Case Count:​

2023 Jamestown Canyon Virus Cases In the U.S.
2023-disease-in-review
Image Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Accessed on January 31, 2024 https://www.cdc.gov/jamestown-canyon/statistics/current-season-data.html
0
2023 Human Case Count
0
2022 Human Case Count
0
States reporting cases 2023
0
States reporting cases 2022

St. Louis Encephalitis

St. Louis encephalitis reported 19 cases in 2023 (13 neuroinvasive), a notable decrease from 2022. Of the 3 reporting states, California recorded the highest number (17 cases), followed by South Carolina (1 case) and Washington (1 case). 

Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex tarsalis, and Culex nigripalpus are the predominant mosquito vectors. Wild birds are amplifying hosts, yet typically remain asymptomatic.

This disease primarily affects older adults and can result in symptoms such as fever, headache, and confusion. The severity of symptoms typically increases with age. Approximately 90% of elderly people who become infected with this virus develop brain inflammation, according to the CDC. The fatality rate for cases ranges between 5% and 20%.

Year Over Year Change​

2023
19 cases (13 neuroinvasive)
2022
33 cases (27 neuroinvasive)
2021
17 cases (11 neuroinvasive)
2020
16 cases (14 neuroinvasive)

Top 3 states for Human Case Count:​

2023 St. Louis Encephalitis Cases In the U.S.
2023-disease-in-review
Image Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Accessed on January 31, 2024 https://www.cdc.gov/sle/statistics/current-season-data.html
0
2023 Human Case Count
0
2022 Human Case Count
0
States reporting cases 2023
0
States reporting cases 2022

Dengue

Dengue comprises a group of viruses transmitted to humans through infected mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, specifically Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Though showing a slight overall decrease, Dengue still poses a considerable public health concern with 2,556 reported cases in 2023. More than half of the cases were travel-associated, but 1,104 were locally acquired. Puerto Rico and Florida emerged as the top jurisdictions reporting locally acquired cases.

Dengue symptoms range from mild fever to severe hemorrhagic fever. Severe cases are more common in young children and older adults. Transmission of the disease to a fetus can also occur during pregnancy.

Year Over Year Change​

2023
1,104 cases
1,452 cases
2022
1,044 cases
1,494 cases
2021
609 cases
205 cases
2020
983 cases
354 cases

*Red= Locally Acquired Cases, Grey= Travel Related Cases

Top 4 states for Human Case Count:​

2023 Dengue Cases In the U.S.
2023-disease-in-review
Image Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Accessed on January 31, 2024 https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/statistics-maps/current-data.html
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2023 Human Case Count
0
2022 Human Case Count
0
States reporting cases 2023
0
States reporting cases 2022

Utilizing Data to Drive Informative Mosquito Management Programs

The 2023 data highlights the evolving regional dynamics of mosquito-borne diseases and underscores the importance of tailored, localized efforts to limit the spread. Adult mosquito management,  surveillance, disease testing, and public education are pivotal in safeguarding the health of our nationwide communities. Integrated Mosquito Management programs incorporate these key strategies and provide a science-based approach to mosquito control. As we navigate the evolving landscape of mosquito-borne diseases, proactive measures and a collective commitment to public health remain our most impactful tools to combat these growing threats.

Other Noteable Data

  • Locally acquired malaria found in U.S. for first time in 20 years (2003, 8 cases in Florida)
  • West Nile virus case count more than doubles from 2022 (105.65% increase)
  • La Crosse (31% 🔼) , Eastern Equine (600% 🔼), and Jamestown Canyon (66.66% 🔼) all see human case count increases.
  • Dengue human case count decreases slightly (🔽 -7.6%)

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Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

VDCI’s 2022 Mosquito-Borne Disease Year In Review

West-Nile-Virus-UK-spread-Europe-outbreak-1001738

With COVID-19, an ongoing “tripledemic” of multiple respiratory diseases, the economy, and politics dominating the headlines in 2022, vector-borne diseases didn’t get much attention in the national spotlight. However, diseases spread by mosquitoes and ticks are on the leading edge of increasing concerns about climate change, and the experts at VDCI continue to monitor their activity so we can keep the public and our clients informed.

This year in review looks at major mosquito-borne diseases in the United States, summarizes case counts in 2022, and highlights key areas of activity. As we kick off a new year, these data points can inform and shape your integrated mosquito management plans, as well as give you information to provide to your citizens, employees, customers, and the public at large to help them protect themselves and their families from mosquito-borne disease.

West Nile Virus

2022 US Case Count: 1,035 human cases; 79 deaths

West Nile continues to be the deadliest mosquito-borne disease in the continental U.S. First reported in 1999, the virus is now considered endemic by public health authorities in most areas.

There are an estimated 200 species of mosquitoes found in the United States; of those, approximately 150 can be vectors of West Nile virus (WNv). Species of the Culex genus are considered to be the primary carriers of the disease both globally and in the U.S., with Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus being the primary species that spread West Nile virus in the U.S.

Humans contract WNv when bitten by an infected mosquito. While even healthy adults can contract the disease, West Nile can be especially dangerous for the very young and the very old, as well as anyone with a compromised immune system. Many infected people have no symptoms; however, those that do may have flu-like symptoms, fever, rash, neck stiffness, and headache. For some infected individuals, the disease can be more severe and lead to encephalitis, or swelling of the brain, and be fatal. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that 1 in every 150 cases of West Nile lead to the central nervous system being affected, and the onset of neuroinvasive disease. These cases become more severe and can leave people with long-lasting or permanent neurological symptoms.

In 2022*, there were 1,035 human cases of West Nile reported by the CDC in the U.S., with 298 being qualified as neuroinvasive disease. There were 79 fatalities as a result of the disease. Both human cases and deaths from WNv were significantly down from 2021, but since the disease is cyclical, the drop in case counts does not indicate that there is less reason for concern, and some regions of the country reported significantly higher case counts than they’ve ever seen.

Nearly every U.S. state faced West Nile virus, with only 4 reporting no activity of any type: Alaska, Hawaii, Maine, and Montana. None of the 8 reporting U.S. territories had West Nile activity, non-human, or human infections.

States with the highest incidence of human West Nile virus cases
Colorado (204)
California (168)
New York (79)
South Dakota (66)
Nebraska (64)

States with the highest West Nile virus death toll
Colorado (18)
California (11)
Texas (7)
Louisiana (6)
Nebraska (4)
Arizona (4)
Illinois (4)

Get more information on this mosquito-borne disease on our West Nile virus page. If you are concerned about West Nile virus in your community or around your business, connect with us to speak with one of our experts.

Dengue

2022 US Case Count: 1073 human cases, 0 deaths

Dengue is a group of viruses spread to humans by infected Aedes genus mosquitoes, specifically Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus; pregnant people can also pass the disease to a fetus. There are 4 common Dengue viruses, denoted as Dengue 1, 2, 3, and 4. Worldwide, there are over 400 million cases annually, and an estimated 40,000 people die each year.

According to the CDC, public health authorities in the United States reported a total of 1,073 cases of Dengue this year. However, the vast majority of those cases were travel-acquired, meaning that the subjects were infected outside of the U.S. Only 59 cases were considered locally transmitted. There were no reported fatalities in the country as a result of Dengue, although this may reflect underreporting.

U.S. territories Guam and Puerto Rico reported a combined total of 828 cases. Unlike the continental U.S., nearly all of these cases in the territories were locally acquired – 820, to be exact. This is not surprising, given the more tropical conditions, and vector abundance in these locales.

One significant development that is worth noting: in 2022, the Dengvaxia vaccine was approved for use in the United States in children august 9 to 16 with laboratory-confirmed results of a previous Dengue infection.

The U.S. case counts in 2022 illustrate a substantial increase in reported cases over both 2021 and 2020, but a slight decrease versus 2019. This could be a reflection of an increase in the traveling public in 2022, since there was a significant post-pandemic return-to-travel. 2019 marked the highest number of Dengue cases reported in the U.S. since 2010 when it became a reportable disease and case counts began being tracked. That makes 2022 the second-highest case count reported in U.S. states in the last 12 years.

This could be an interesting trend to watch around the globe. According to the Pan American Health Organization, in 2022, a number of countries in North, Central, and South America saw substantial increases in human Dengue cases over 2021.

Americas (North, South, Central), 5 countries with highest increases in Dengue human cases 

Country

2021 Dengue Cases

2022 Dengue Cases

Percentage Increase

United States

117

1073

⬆️817.094%

Panama

3095

11172

⬆️260.969%

El Salvador

5572

16542

⬆️196.877%

Guatemala

2861

8407

⬆️193.848%

Nicaragua

36741

97541

⬆️165.483%

The World Health Organization (WHO) tracks Dengue activity around the globe and in early January 2023, issued an update on Dengue in the Western Pacific Region, indicating that activity has substantially increased in many countries including Lao, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Viet Nam.

Get more facts and information about Dengue virus from VDCI.

La Crosse Virus Disease

2022 US Case Count: 21 human cases

La Crosse virus is typically spread by Aedes triseriatus, commonly called the Eastern treehole mosquito. This disease most commonly affects children and teenagers.

La Crosse virus disease is endemic in the United States and is considered a reportable illness.

Symptoms of La Crosse virus are similar to those of other mosquito-borne diseases and include fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, and fatigue. However, it can become dangerous if it becomes La Cross encephalitis, which results in infection of the brain that can manifest through seizures, disorientation, loss of vision, and other serious conditions. Fatalities are rare.

Although the CDC’s La Crosse virus website does not reflect case counts after 2020, the agency’s Arbovirus Surveillance System, ArboNet, reports that there were 21 infections in 2022. More than half of these cases were reported in Ohio. The total number of cases is down from 2021, when 34 cases were reported.

U.S. states reporting La Crosse virus cases in 2022

State

Case Count

Minnesota

3

North Carolina

2

Ohio

13

Tennessee

2

West Virginia

1

las-crosse-virus-disease-cdc-usa-map

Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)

2022 US Case Count: No reporting available

While rare, Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) is a mosquito-borne disease that can affect both humans and some animals. While it is propagated between birds and the mosquito species Culiseta melanura, it is spread to humans and animals by species in the Aedes, Coquillettidia, and Culex genera that feed on infected birds and then mammals.

As its name suggests, horses are especially susceptible to the disease. Other animals that can become infected with EEE virus (EEEv) include pigs, rodents, and certain species of deer. Scientists believe that humans who contract and recover from EEEv have lifelong immunity against re-infection.

Approximately 4 – 5% of human EEEv infections lead to contracting Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), which results in swelling of the brain. EEE has a very high mortality rate, with about one-third of those infected succumbing to the disease.

From 2011 – 2020, only 110 human cases of EEEv have been reported in the United States. In 2019, several outbreaks sparked concern and resulted in 38 human cases and 19 deaths, the highest number of deaths reported in a single year from the disease.

As the map below illustrates, these EEEv infections occurred primarily on the East Coast of the U.S., with high concentrations in New England, the Southeastern U.S., and the state of Michigan.

EEEv infections in the U.S. by state, 2011 – 2020

eeev-infections-us-by state-2011-2020

The CDC has not reported on EEEv infections since 2020. However, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) reported 110 animal cases in 2021. No data is available yet for 2022.

Learn more about EEE and EEEv on VDCI’s Eastern Equine Encephalitis resource page.

Chikungunya virus

2022 U.S. Case Count: 47 human cases (travel acquired)

Chikungunya virus was rarely discussed in the United States prior to 2006, but as global travel increased and climate shifts have occurred, more U.S. citizens have had experiences with Chikungunya in recent years. It is prevalent in the Caribbean, and while most cases remain travel-acquired, documented local transmission first occurred in 2013. Since 2015, Chikungunya has been a reportable illness in the U.S., which means that health officials are required to report any cases.

Spread to humans via the bite of an infected Aedes genus mosquito, particularly Aedes aegptyi or Aedes albopictus, Chikungunya virus infection can leave those infected with symptoms such as fever, joint pain and swelling, muscle aches, headaches, and more; joint pains are one of the most prominent symptoms and can last for months after the virus subsides. Fatalities are rare.

The CDC has not updated its Chikungunya reporting site since 2020, however, through the agency’s National Arbovirus Surveillance System ArboNet website, VDCI notes that 47 cases of the disease were reported by states in 2022. All of these cases were travel acquired. These cases were reported in 21 states, as reflected in the table below.

U.S. states reporting travel-acquired Chikungunya virus cases in 2022

State

Case Count

California

4

Colorado

3

Illinois

8

Iowa

3

Kansas

1

Kentucky

1

Louisiana

1

Massachusetts

2

Minnesota

1

New Hampshire

1

New Jersey

1

New Mexico

1

New York

5

North Carolina

3

Ohio

2

Pennsylvania

2

Tennessee

2

Utah

1

Vermont

1

Virginia

3

Washington

1

chikunginya-virus-travel-usa-map-2022

In 2021, there were 21 reported travel-acquired cases, so 2022 reflects a 123% increase in overall case counts over the previous year. As with the increase in Dengue, this may reflect a more global trend that is the result of a return to travel post-pandemic.

You can learn more about Chikungunya virus, its history, and its symptoms on VDCI’s resource page.

Zika Virus

2022 U.S. Case Count: 3 human cases (travel acquired)

Like Chikungunya virus, Zika virus has only recently become a significant concern in the United States. But, after significant tropical outbreaks in 2015 and 2016, locally acquired cases were reported in southern states such as Florida and Texas with much media attention, putting the disease on the map in the U.S. with health authorities and the public at large alike.

While Zika virus is spread primarily through the bite of infected Aedes genus mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus that are found prevalently in the U.S., it can also be spread through sexual activity, which means that someone does not need to be bitten by a mosquito to be infected. This disease carries special risks for pregnant people who become infected. Zika virus can be passed to a fetus by the mother and result in birth defects and abnormalities.

In 2022, the CDC’s ArboNet system had no reports of locally transmitted Zika virus, but 3 travel-acquired cases were reported in the states listed below. This is a slight decrease from 2021 when 4 cases were reported.

U.S. states reporting travel-acquired Zika virus cases in 2022

State

Case Count

Illinois

1

Kentucky

1

New York

1

zika-virus-travel-usa-map-2022-state

While these case counts are low, there is no way to predict when the U.S. could see a spike in activity like it did in 2015 and 2016. It is important for community leaders to help citizens understand the risks associated with Zika virus and to report any Zika symptoms to their doctors, especially if they or someone they are close with has recently traveled to an area where Zika virus is prevalent. It is also critical that individuals understand the risks and take action to protect themselves, especially while traveling.

Find out more about Zika virus, symptoms, and mosquito-bite protection on VDCI’s vector-borne disease resource website.

Other vector-borne diseases of concern

While this year-in-review focuses on 6 major mosquito-borne diseases, there are others that remain a source of concern in the U.S., including malaria, St. Louis Encelphalitis and Jamestown Canyon virus. And let’s not forget heartworm, which is spread by infected mosquitoes to our beloved pets.

There are also other vector-borne diseases, which encompass viruses and illnesses spread by other pests, such as rodents, ticks, and fleas. These include some common conditions that most people are familiar with, such as Lyme disease, and lesser-known diseases such as hantavirus, plague, Rocky Mountain Spotted fever, Powassan virus, and more.

Protecting your community from mosquitoes

 

Whether you are responsible for mosquito programs in your community or concerned about mosquito activity on your business property, having an in-depth knowledge of integrated mosquito management programs is critical to protecting those under your care from mosquito-borne disease.

VDCI is committed to mosquito surveillance and disease monitoring, developing robust integrated mosquito management programs for our clients, and educating the public on measures to protect themselves from vector-borne diseases. We also offer emergency response and drone and aerial application services to assist communities in preventing disease, especially following major weather events such as hurricanes and flooding.

If we can assist you or your community in mosquito prevention, please connect with us online or call (866) 977-6964.

*Results reported to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as of January 12, 2023.

The key to limiting the spread of mosquito-borne diseases is monitoring and prevention. Municipalities and mosquito abatement districts often execute Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) programs to help protect communities, but private citizens can support these efforts and empower themselves with disease tracking tools like the CDC’s ArboNet map. The map provides a live overview of reported mosquito activity and the most common vector-borne diseases, including:

  • West Nile Virus (WNV)
  • St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
  • Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
  • La Crosse (LAC)
  • Dengue (DEN) locally-acquired and travel-associated
  • Chikungunya (CHIK) locally-acquired and travel-associated
  • Zika Virus (ZIKA) locally-acquired and travel-associated

*ArboNet is designed to reflect real-time information, but there are times when it may not be in sync. This resource is easy to navigate and can be sorted by disease type, state, and year.

Public Education in Reducing Mosquito Populations 2 bugspray mosquito prevention health and safetyIn addition to staying informed about the risks posed by mosquitoes in your community, it’s important to observe any travel warnings issued by the CDC, particularly when pregnant. It’s also essential to exercise personal protection measures like wearing insect repellent and exercising best practices around your property to reduce mosquito reproduction.

VDCI is committed to public education and spreading awareness throughout the U.S. about the dangers of mosquito-borne diseases and their preventability, with the overarching goal of reducing illness and fatalities. Our dedicated and experienced team works tirelessly with local governments to prevent the spread of mosquito-borne diseases in all of the contracts we service from coast to coast.

VDCI Wants To Make Your Community Safer. How Can We Help?

Speak to an expert about implementing an IMM program.

Fill out the information below, and one of our experts will follow up with you shortly.

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Mosquito-Borne Disease Year In Review – 2021

West-Nile-Virus-UK-spread-Europe-outbreak-1001738

While the COVID-19 pandemic has captured the attention of the world’s leading infectious disease experts, the scientific community has continued to track the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, including West Nile, Zika, Chikungunya, Dengue, and other dangerous illnesses. As of December 14, 2021, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports that more than 2,400 human infections of West Nile occurred in the United States in the past year, of which 165 resulted in death. Nearly every state in the country has been affected, with  Arizona, Colorado, California, and Nebraska representing the most cases.

West Nile Virus

CDC WNV 11.30.21 This map from CDC shows West Nile virus activity across the U.S. in 2021.

As in years past, West Nile virus (WNv) continues to be the most reported and most deadly mosquito-borne disease in the United States. WNv is carried by over 150 species of mosquitoes, which usually pass the virus to humans after feeding on infected birds. Scientists have identified Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus as the primary vector species.

Approximately 20% of people infected with WNv experience flu-like symptoms such as nausea, headache, muscle pain, fever, and swollen lymph glands. These symptoms may also be accompanied by rashes, sleepiness, disorientation, and stiff neck. Among those infected, less than 1% will go on to develop West Nile Encephalitis or Meningitis. This can result in tremors, convulsions, paralysis, coma, and even death.

WNv transmission is cyclical in nature, with 2021 data showing a significant increase in both total cases and death:

2021: Cases
2,445 Cases
2021: Deaths
165 Deaths

This chart reflects data taken on December 14, 2021.

2020 – 28 cases in citizens returning from travel, 0 cases in U.S. territories 

2019 – 192 cases in citizens returning from travel, 2 cases in U.S. territories 

2018 – 116 cases in citizens returning from travel, 8 cases in U.S. territories 

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on West Nile virus.

Zika Virus

CDC ZikaThis map from CDC shows Zika virus activity around the world.

Zika is a dangerous virus that primarily affects Africa and South America. Historically, U.S. citizens have become infected while traveling abroad, but warming climates have allowed the presence of Zika in the southern United States as well. Unlike other types of viruses, which require an animal reservoir host, mosquitoes are able to transmit Zika by simply feeding on the blood of an infected person. This can increase the spread very quickly during the summer months. 

In the United States, Zika is typically transmitted by Aedes aegypti, but growing evidence suggests that the Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) could also be a vector. Common symptoms of infection include fever, rash, headache, joint pain, muscle pain, and Conjunctivitis (red eyes). Zika very rarely results in death; however, it can cause serious congenital disabilities when an infection occurs during pregnancy. These typically manifest as microcephaly (collapsed skull), decreased brain tissue, eye tissue damage, and joint or muscle tone complications.

After an alarming peak in 2016, when the CDC reported more than 40,000 cases in the U.S. and its territories, Zika cases have decreased to remarkable lows. This may, in part, be due to pandemic-related travel restrictions:

2021: Cases in the United States
28 Cases
2021: Returning From Travel
1 Case

This chart reflects data taken on December 14, 2021.

2020 – 4 cases in citizens returning from travel, 57 cases in U.S. territories

2019 – 27 cases in citizens returning from travel, 74 cases in U.S. territories

2018 – 73 cases in citizens returning from travel, 148 cases in U.S. territories 

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on Zika virus.

Chikungunya Virus

CHIK-World-Map_10-30-2020This map from CDC shows Chikungunya virus activity around the world in 2020.

Chikungunya (chik-en-gun-ye) is less well-known than other mosquito-borne diseases, but has become more widespread among American citizens, most often when traveling abroad. Like Zika, Chikungunya virus can spread when mosquitoes feed on a person who is carrying the infection. Chikungunya is also primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.

Those infected with Chikungunya virus may experience painful and even disabling symptoms that appear 3-7 days after transmission. These most often include fever, severe joint pain, and rash. Death is very rare and, in fact, infected individuals tend to develop immunity from future infections.

Annual U.S. Chikungunya cases have dropped dramatically in recent years - reaching a record low in 2021. This may, in part, be due to pandemic-related travel restrictions and effective mosquito control interventions:

2021: Cases in the United States
0 Cases
2021: Returning From Travel
21 Cases

This chart reflects data taken on December 14, 2021.

2020 – 28 cases in citizens returning from travel, 0 cases in U.S. territories

2019 – 192 cases in citizens returning from travel, 2 cases in U.S. territories

2018 – 116 cases in citizens returning from travel, 8 cases in U.S. territories 

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on Chikungunya.2018 – 116 cases in citizens returning from travel, 8 cases in U.S. territories.

Dengue Virus

DengueThis map from CDC shows Dengue activity across the U.S. in 2021.

While many people think of Dengue as a disease we don’t need to worry about in the United States, mosquitoes capable of transmitting this virus are abundant in many areas of the country and quickly expanding their range.  Characteristic symptoms of dengue include high fever, rash, in addition to muscle and joint pain. In severe cases there can be serious bleeding or shock, which is life threatening.

In 2021 there were 86 human cases of Dengue diagnosed in 23 states across the continental United States.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on Dengue.

0
Human Cases (2021)
0
States Affected Across the U.S. (2021)

Monitoring Real-Time U.S. Mosquito-Borne Disease Activity

The key to limiting the spread of mosquito-borne diseases is monitoring and prevention. Municipalities and mosquito abatement districts often execute Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) programs to help protect communities, but private citizens can support these efforts and empower themselves with disease tracking tools like the CDC’s ArboNet map. The map provides a live overview of reported mosquito activity and the most common vector-borne diseases, including:

  • West Nile Virus (WNV)
  • St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
  • Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
  • La Crosse (LAC)
  • Dengue (DEN) locally-acquired and travel-associated
  • Chikungunya (CHIK) locally-acquired and travel-associated
  • Zika Virus (ZIKA) locally-acquired and travel-associated
  • Powassan Virus (a tick-borne disease)

*ArboNet is designed to reflect real-time information, but there are times when it may not be in sync. This resource is easy to navigate and can be sorted by disease type, state, and year.

Public Education in Reducing Mosquito Populations 2 bugspray mosquito prevention health and safetyIn addition to staying informed about the risks posed by mosquitoes in your community, it’s important to observe any travel warnings issued by the CDC, particularly when pregnant. It’s also essential to exercise personal protection measures like wearing insect repellent and exercising best practices around your property to reduce mosquito reproduction.

VDCI is committed to public education and spreading awareness throughout the U.S. about the dangers of mosquito-borne diseases and their preventability, with the overarching goal of reducing illness and fatalities. Our dedicated and experienced team works tirelessly with local governments to prevent the spread of mosquito-borne diseases in all of the contracts we service from coast to coast.

VDCI Wants To Make Your Community Safer. How Can We Help?

Speak to an expert about implementing an IMM program.

Fill out the information below, and one of our experts will follow up with you shortly.

Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Reshaping the Mosquito Control Industry

SOL_VDCI_Day1_finals_2915_737

Every year, new technologies emerge that help keep people safer, healthier, and happier. This includes technologies used in the mosquito management industry.

Vector-borne diseases spread by mosquitoes are responsible for killing more than one million people annually. That’s why the development of new innovations is key in the mission to prevent mosquitoes from endangering communities worldwide. 

When we choose to utilize advanced technologies, it’s because they enhance the accuracy, efficacy, and safety of our work. Here are some of the innovations we utilize as part of mosquito surveillance programs and Integrated Mosquito Management programs to help keep the communities we serve safe.

Without data, it’s difficult to understand the effectiveness of mosquito control efforts or fully demonstrate to stakeholders the financial return of their investment. It’s also more challenging to strategize an effective management plan. GIS mapping can be utilized in nearly every facet of an integrated mosquito management program, from tracking larval and adulticide applications to monitoring mosquito populations and disease data via mosquito surveillance equipment. Over time, this information can be analyzed to identify trends or patterns and determine the overall impact of treatment efforts.

arcmap_biggerBeyond the day to day operations of an IMM program, GIS technology has several other applications. GIS serves as a critical tool for regulatory compliance, as maps can be used to both assure compliance and also streamline requirements for initiatives like NPDES permitting. Through mosquito surveillance, maps that show disease monitoring in a given area can also be used to support public education and communications throughout the community. Lastly, federal, state, and local governments use GIS to aid in emergency response efforts.

Mosquito Surveillance Traps and Lab Analysis

Mosquito Surveillance & Disease Testing Reduce Mosquito-borne Disease 3Mosquito surveillance traps are not used to control adult mosquitoes; rather, they serve as an important mosquito surveillance tool for collecting data on species distribution, population dynamics, and calculating disease risk based on vector competence.

Our professionals utilize several types of mosquito surveillance traps, including the CDC Miniature Light Trap, Gravid Trap, BG-Sentinel, and New Jersey Light Trap, just to name a few.  Collection, counting, and identification of the mosquitoes through a mosquito surveillance program help staff determine which abatement solutions should be employed.  Once collected, mosquitoes also undergo professional testing and analysis at the lab. Oftentimes, the diseases mosquitoes can transmit can be detected in the mosquitoes themselves weeks before they can be passed on to their human and animal hosts. This gives mosquito management experts a window of opportunity to take action to reduce the risk of human disease transmission in the local community and is one of the reasons that mosquito surveillance programs are so vital.

Mosquito management professionals utilize several technologies when conducting larviciding and adulticiding applications. Data gathered from mosquito surveillance programs ensures that we are spraying in the right places and at the right time.

CDCMosquito-adult-larviciding-2-scaled

Ground Application Technology

For smaller areas, crews may choose to perform ground applications using either backpacks or power sprayers capable of holding 2-100 gallons of product.  Whether an application is done by hand or with specialized truck-based equipment, they’re calibrated frequently, and all applications are recorded in VDCI”s proprietary database.  

Planes

For large areas that need to be treated quickly or places you simply can’t access with vehicles, aerial fleets are the go-to option. VDCI operates one of the world’s largest aerial fleets dedicated to mosquito control and services customers from coast to coast.

Aerial Spraying Malcom 9

Aircraft equipped for adult mosquito control utilize the Wingman® GX spray optimization and guidance software in addition to an AIMMS-20 onboard meteorological probe to ensure the most effective application possible. This integrated system is the only scientifically validated one of its kind that incorporates constant real-time meteorological data at the release height to optimize the entire application. This optimization ensures that the maximum spray cloud droplet density is delivered to the target zones, thus providing you with the maximum level of mosquito control.

Each member of VDCI’s flight crew is highly trained and licensed through the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Crews utilize military-grade ANVIS -6 night vision goggles on all nighttime spray missions to increase visibility and accuracy. At the completion of each spray mission, data is downloaded from the aircraft, and reports are generated, providing our customers with a visual depiction of the spray mission, along with the vital statistics of each spray.

Unmanned Aerial Drones

Recent advancements in drone technology have provided a new way to reach and treat areas that were previously inaccessible via ground or plane.

drones mosquito management

Our drones are custom-built by Leading Edge Aerial Technologies, Inc. for commercial applications. Each drone exhibits a 6ft wingspan and is equipped with superior features that are operated remotely by a professional team. Drones are supported by GPS technology to access mapped target sites and guide precision applications using granular products. They are also configured with state-of-the-art software that blocks filming, so homeowners can have peace of mind while drone applications occur nearby.

VDCI Remains At The Forefront of Vector Industry Advancements

VDCI is committed to staying at the forefront of technological advancements in mosquito surveillance and mosquito control, and creating new standards for safety and efficiency. We employ a wide array of technology, ranging from mosquito surveillance tools to advanced software systems to state-of-the-art application equipment, to provide you with the most comprehensive mosquito surveillance and management services possible. Contact or call our experts at 800-413-4445 to discuss the most effective control solutions for your community.

VDCI Wants To Make Your Property Safer.
How Can We Help?

Fill out the information below, and one of our experts will follow up with you shortly.

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

2015 Mosquito-Borne Disease Year in Review: From Encephalitis To The West Nile Virus

Mosquito-Borne Diseases In the U.S. in 2015

 In 2015, we saw a continuation of serious mosquito-borne disease cases in the United States. This blog covers three of many diseases that were transmitted by mosquitoes in 2015: West Nile Virus (WNV), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), and chikungunya. These three represent the most common mosquito-borne diseases we find in the United States, with WNV being far and away from the most common threat in U.S. territories. All of the information in this year’s review post was taken from the Center for Disease Control (CDC)’s data points and website as of 12/31/2015.

West Nile Virus (WNV):

WNV is the most common virus transmitted by mosquitoes to humans in the United States. While most infected people will have no symptoms, roughly one in five will develop symptoms that may include a combination of fever, headache, body aches, skin rash, or swollen lymph nodes. Other symptoms may include a stiff neck, sleepiness, disorientation, or even paralysis.

In 2015, 48 out of 50 states reported WNV infections in people, mosquitoes, or birds. In those states, 2,060 cases of WNV were reported in humans, and there were 119 confirmed deaths (5.8%) in 2015. This is in line with 2014 data, which had 2,205 human cases of WNV and 97 deaths (4.4%). Keep an eye out for a future blog post with much greater detail about WNV and its effect on humans, as well as on bird populations.

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE):

EEE is also transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito, but is, fortunately, a rare illness for humans, with only a few cases reported in the United States each year. Although some people infected with EEE have no apparent illness, severe cases of EEE lead to inflammation of the brain, often beginning with a high fever, headaches, and vomiting. The illness will often progress into disorientation, seizures, or coma. EEE is a severe mosquito-transmitted disease, with about a 33% mortality rate. Additionally, even survivors can develop significant brain damage.

As of Nov. 17, the CDC reported five cases of EEE nationally in 2015: one in Louisiana, one in Maine, and three in New York. The Maine case and two of the New York cases were fatal. An average of eight EEE cases is reported each year in the United States, with 15 cases in 2012 and 8 cases in 2013 (2014 statistics presently unavailable). Keep an eye out for a future blog post with much greater detail about EEE and the many ways in which Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) helps prevent the spread of this deadly disease.

Chikungunya:

Traditionally, chikungunya outbreaks have occurred in countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Since 2013, chikungunya has been found in the Americas on islands in the Caribbean. Since then, about 1.5 million cases have been reported in the Americas. Symptoms are most often a high fever and joint pain. Other symptoms may include muscle pain, joint swelling, and headaches. Joint pain can often be debilitating, but thankfully, chikungunya is rarely fatal. Mosquitoes become infected when they bite someone already infected with the virus, and then infected mosquitoes spread the virus to other people they bite.

In 2015, 679 chikungunya virus disease cases were reported in 44 states. All reported cases occurred in travelers returning from affected areas, and importantly, no locally-transmitted cases have yet been reported from U.S. states in 2015. In 2014, a total of 2,811 chikungunya virus cases were reported from U.S. states, with twelve locally transmitted cases being reported from Florida. All other cases occurred in travelers returning from affected areas. Stay tuned for a future blog post with much greater detail about chikungunya and the ways VDCI helps prevent the spread of this potentially debilitating disease.

Zika:

Zika appears to be a growing threat for U.S. citizens traveling to South America and possibly Florida. Therefore, stay tuned for more information on that virus in the coming months.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.