Mosquito-Borne Diseases in the U.S.: A Complete Guide

Mosquito lab image

The Mosquito-Borne Diseases Discussed in This Guide:

  • West Nile virus (WNV) — the #1 mosquito-borne disease threat in the U.S.; over 63,000 cases reported between 1999 and 2025

  • Mosquito-borne encephalitis — including La Crosse (LAC), Eastern equine (EEE), and Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV)

  • Chikungunya — reached the Americas in 2006 via travelers; local U.S. cases reported in Florida (2014 & 2025), Texas (2015), New York (2025)

  • Dengue — globally, an estimated 390 million infections annually; local U.S. cases in Florida, Hawaii, and the Texas-Mexico border

  • Malaria — eliminated from the U.S. after 1950, but the primary vector mosquito (Anopheles quadrimaculatus) is still abundant in the southeastern U.S.

  • Heartworm — reported in all 50 U.S. states; primarily affects dogs

Quick Facts

Globally, up to a million people die each year from mosquito-borne diseases. In the U.S., West Nile virus remains the leading threat — the deadliest year on record was 2012, with 286 deaths reported to the CDC. The largest outbreak was in 2003, with 9,862 cases and 264 deaths.

How Many People Die from Mosquito-Borne Diseases?

Mosquitoes are responsible for some of the world’s most deadly diseases. It is estimated that up to a million people die every year from mosquito-borne diseases globally, with many countries ravaged by malaria, yellow fever, and dengue-hemorrhagic fever.

In the United States, West Nile virus is the leading mosquito-borne killer. The deadliest year on record was 2012, when 286 deaths were reported to the CDC. The largest single-year outbreak occurred in 2003, with 9,862 reported cases and 264 deaths. Between 1999 and 2016, over 46,000 WNV cases were reported in the U.S. For year-by-year case data and current trends, see VDCI’s 2025 Mosquito-Borne Disease Year in Review.

Common Mosquito-Borne Diseases in the United States

There are really only two reasons to control mosquitoes; to avoid nuisance biting and to control mosquito-transmitted diseases in the USA. Everyone recognizes that mosquitoes can be a terrible blood feeding nuisance, but many people do not realize the magnitude of the health threat that they represent globally. Some of the world’s most deadly diseases are carried and transmitted by mosquitoes. It is estimated that up to a million people die every year from mosquito-borne diseases with many countries around the world ravaged by malaria, yellow fever, and dengue-hemorrhagic fever. What is the history and what are the current local cases of mosquito-borne diseases in the U.S.? 

Malaria in the U.S.: A History (and Why It Still Matters)

Malaria is one of the most dangerous mosquito transmitted diseases caused by a Plasmodium parasite and is the leading cause of mosquito-borne deaths throughout the world. In the past, local malaria cases were reported within the U.S. It wasn’t until after 1950 that malaria was considered eliminated from the country, due to large-scale mosquito control efforts and swamp drainage. While the disease is not currently a threat, one of the primary carriers of the disease parasite in the pre-1950s U.S. – is far from eliminated. Anopheles quadrimaculatus (also known as the Common Malaria Mosquito) is distributed throughout the eastern United States, often occurring in huge numbers in the southeastern states, especially along the Gulf of Mexico. This fact reinforces the importance of robust surveillance and disease testing programs highlighting the potential resurgence of mosquito diseases in areas where the species inhabits.

mosquito technician looking at test sample in microscope

What Diseases Do Mosquitoes Carry in the USA?

In more recent years, West Nile virus, several types of encephalitis, and dog heartworm have been the primary mosquito-borne diseases in the U.S. Additionally, Zika virus, dengue fever, and chikungunya have emerged over the past couple of years as threats to human health in the United States, South America, and the Caribbean. These mosquito transmitted diseases represent a significant public health challenge.

What is Mosquito-Borne Encephalitis?

Mosquito-borne encephalitis is one of the critical mosquito transmitted diseases that can severely impact human health. Mosquito-borne encephalitis can be a severe result of many viruses vectored by mosquitoes. In the U.S., it is geographically wide-spread and is prevalent in several forms: West Nile virus (WNV), La Crosse encephalitis (LAC), eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), and several others. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain and central nervous system and is characterized by a high to moderate mortality rate, with some survivors left with permanent physical and mental disabilities.

West Nile Virus: #1 Mosquito-Borne Disease Threat in the U.S.

West Nile virus, one of the leading mosquito-borne diseases in the USA, can cause encephalitis in severe cases. This mosquito disease entered the U.S. along the east coast in 1999 and has had serious ongoing implications for the rest of North America as it has spread across the country. 47 out of 50 states and the District of Columbia reported West Nile virus infections in people, birds, or mosquitoes in 2017.

WNV is typically transmitted to humans by mosquitoes that have previously fed upon an infected bird. While over 150 species of mosquitoes have been known to carry WNV, the primary vector species in the U.S. are Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus. These mosquitoes are all active at night, and most cases of infection occur during the summer months. Approximately 20% of people affected by WNV will experience flu-like symptoms including fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain, and swollen lymph glands. Other symptoms may include a stiff neck, rash, sleepiness or disorientation. In severe cases, an individual can develop West Nile Encephalitis or Meningitis, which can lead to coma, tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and even death.

2003 was the largest WNV outbreak in the U.S. with 9,862 cases reported and 264 deaths. 2012 was the deadliest year for WNV in the U.S., with 286 deaths reported to the CDC. West Nile virus remains the #1 mosquito-borne disease threat to humans in the U.S. Approximately 2,000 cases are reported each year, though the true number is likely much higher since most infections produce no symptoms or only mild flu-like illness. For year-by-year case data and emerging trends, see our 2025 Mosquito-Borne Disease Year in Review.

Chikungunya Virus in the U.S.: Local Cases in Florida and Texas

WNV, EEE, LAC, and a few other mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses have an animal reservoir and cannot be transmitted from human to mosquito. Mosquito-transmitted diseases like Chikungunya is another illness that primarily affects humans. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on a person already infected with the virus and then spread the virus by feeding on other humans. Because of this ability, the virus has the potential to spread quickly, especially in urban areas with larger populations. The virus first reached the Americas in 2013, with local cases reported in the U.S. in Florida (2014) and Texas (2015).

Dengue Virus: A Growing Threat in U.S. Urban Areas

Dengue virus, another human virus, is transmitted by certain Aedes mosquitoes. On a global level, the virus is considered a significant threat as our world’s urban landscapes grow. Beyond the increase in desirable habitats for the container-breeding species, the virus has four strains (multiple serotypes). These mosquito diseases thrive in urban environments, making it complicated for medical professionals to manage. Chikungunya virus shares similar symptoms to dengue and provides those bitten with immunity from future chikungunya infections. Unfortunately, with multiple strains of dengue, an individual is more likely to be hospitalized or die if infected with more than one serotype. Dengue is considered under reported or misclassified. The World Health Organization posted an update on the virus globally, citing research1 that estimates the real number of dengue infections could be close to 390 million annually.

The United States has experienced local cases of dengue in Florida, Hawaii, and near the Texas-Mexico border. Larger outbreaks have occurred within U.S. Territories, including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands.

Heartworm Disease in Dogs: A Mosquito-Borne Threat to Pets

Dog rolling on grass while person gives them pets

In addition to human cases of mosquito-borne diseases, there is a growing concern for pet owners. Dirofilaria immitis, commonly referred to as heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm that infects a variety of mammals. Heartworm is found throughout the world and has been reported in all states in the U.S. The natural host is dogs. Infection in dogs can lead to heartworm disease and, if left untreated, severe physical damage and death may occur. Fortunately, for felines, most worms in cats don’t survive to the adult stage. Prevention is an option, for both dogs and cats, and should be discussed with your veterinarian. Although isolated human infections have been reported, heartworm is not currently recognized as a human health problem. Mosquito-borne diseases like Heartworm have been reported in all U.S. states.

Which Mosquitoes Are Most Dangerous in the U.S.?

Of the roughly 200 mosquito species found in the United States, only about a dozen pose a meaningful disease risk. The most concerning species are:

  • Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus — the primary vectors of West Nile virus across North America. Active at night, breeds in stagnant water.
  • Aedes aegypti (the yellow fever mosquito) — feeds exclusively on human blood and is the primary vector for Zika, dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Found across the southern U.S.
  • Aedes albopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito) — an aggressive daytime biter and secondary vector for several arboviruses; range expanding northward with climate change.
  • Anopheles quadrimaculatus — the historic U.S. malaria vector. Still abundant in the southeastern U.S., which is why surveillance remains important even though malaria was eliminated domestically in 1950.
  • Culiseta melanura — the primary EEE vector in coastal swamps.

For a deeper look at these species, see our guide to the 5 mosquitoes of public health concern in the United States.

Why Mosquito Control Matters for Public Health

As an individual, if you’ve ever been driven inside by biting mosquitoes or have chased the pesky invaders around the bedroom in the middle of the night, you may consider 1 or 2 mosquitoes – too many. When mosquito populations increase, mosquito diseases pose even greater risks and , there becomes an even greater need for control efforts. Hurricanes have the ability to create vast areas of standing water that produce extreme mosquito populations and make the already difficult disaster relief efforts even harder and more dangerous. With or without a natural disaster, economic losses can be considerable for businesses or travel destinations that are considered uninhabitable or unsuitable. This is often due to unmanaged environments that allow for large populations of one of nature’s deadliest – the mosquito. The impact mosquito-transmitted diseases in the USA can have on our communities goes beyond itchy bites. We must continue to manage abundant mosquito populations to help protect public health from mosquito-borne diseases. Effective protection starts with an Integrated Mosquito Management program that combines surveillance, larval and adult control, and disease testing — and in emergency situations following hurricanes or floods, aerial application can rapidly reduce populations across large areas.

1 Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Farlow AW, Moyes CL et.al. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature;496:504-507.

Frequently Asked Questions About Mosquito-Borne Diseases

What diseases do mosquitoes carry in the U.S.?

The most common mosquito-borne diseases in the United States are West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis, La Crosse encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon virus, St. Louis encephalitis, dengue, chikungunya, and heartworm (which affects dogs). West Nile virus is by far the most frequently reported.

How many people die from mosquitoes each year?

Globally, mosquitoes kill an estimated 725,000 to 1 million people each year, primarily from malaria. In the United States, mosquito-borne disease deaths typically range from 100 to 300 annually, with West Nile virus being the leading cause.

What is the most dangerous mosquito-borne disease in the U.S.?

West Nile virus is the most common, but Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is the deadliest, with a mortality rate of roughly 33% among those who develop severe symptoms.

Are there mosquitoes in the United States?

Yes — approximately 200 mosquito species are found in the U.S., though only about a dozen are known to transmit diseases to humans.

How can I protect my community from mosquito-borne diseases?

The most effective approach is an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) program that combines surveillance, larval control, adult mosquito control, and public education. Personal protection includes following the “4 Ds”: Defend (use EPA-approved repellent), Dress (wear long sleeves and pants), Drain (eliminate standing water), and Dusk & Dawn (limit outdoor activity when mosquitoes are most active).

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Prevention Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_square Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Vector-Borne Disease Spotlight: Jamestown Canyon Virus

Aedes_aegypti_Adult_Mosquitoes

Exploring the Impact of Mosquito-Borne Diseases

What? There is another virus that can be transmitted by mosquitoes?! Yes. Mosquitoes are the deadliest animals in the world, and Jamestown Canyon virus is another virus on the long list of diseases vectored by these arthropods.

What is interesting about Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), is that it behaves a little differently than a few of the viruses the public may be more familiar with. West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus rely on a reservoir host to perpetuate the virus, as the mosquito cannot pass it on to their offspring. With JCV, in addition to having reservoir hosts, such as deer, this virus can also have transovarian transmission, which means the parent arthropod (in this case a mosquito) can pass the disease pathogen to their offspring. This is not completely uncommon. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a vector-borne disease that is transmitted through an infected tick carrying the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. The bacterium can be transmitted to offspring in this way as well.

JCV was first discovered in Culiseta mosquitoes in Jamestown, Colorado, in 1961. Since 1961, it has been found in various mosquito species (Aedes, Culex, Coquillettidia), mammals, and humans across North America.

Aedes_aegypti_Adult_Mosquitoes

Is Jamestown Canyon Virus Common?

Jamestown Canyon virus is an orthobunyavirus of the California serogroup. This is the same group that was mentioned in the news last month when it was discovered that a boy in Florida had been infected with the Keystone virus, another mosquito-borne disease, that hadn’t previously been found in humans. JCV was not considered a nationally notifiable disease until a few years back, and states are not mandated to report to the CDC. Depending on local data collection, staff reporting, and even local municipal funding it’s often hard to find a clear picture of disease incidence rates. Only 9 cases of JCV, in the U.S., have been recognized by the CDC, from 2000 to 2012. In 2013, testing for the JCV antibody began at the CDC, and the number of human cases reported increased to 22 in one year! From 2014 to 2016, between 11 to 15 cases were reported each year; however, JVC is likely endemic through most of the United States. It is thought to be under-recognized in the U.S. and Canada because most cases are asymptomatic (showing no symptoms). The lack of awareness can be concerning for individuals who may be more susceptible to the disease, such as the young, elderly, and those with a compromised immune system.

*Data points obtained from www.cdc.gov

How Are Individuals Affected by Jamestown Canyon Virus?

JCV is transmitted during the summer by a few different mosquito species within the United States and Canada. As far as the severity of the disease goes, about 68% of reported cases to the CDC have been considered neuroinvasive (capable of infecting the nervous system). That is a little higher than WNV but lower than La Crosse encephalitis or Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE). The disease onset time and symptoms are similar to that of WNV. A person might develop a sore throat, rash, fever, vomiting, and/or nausea 2 days to 2 weeks after being bitten. Just like many other arboviruses, JCV can cause meningitis or meningoencephalitis. At this time, along with other arboviral diseases, there is no treatment for JCV.

A wife in New Hampshire watched her husband battle unknown health complications, and he ultimately passed from encephalitis in June of 2018. A month prior to his death, test results showed evidence of Jamestown Canyon virus and his family wonders if the virus was the leading contributor. With so many unknowns and the medical community still learning about the virus, additional research and education continue on JCV.

integrated mosquito management 4D's

Can You Avoid Jamestown Canyon Virus Transmission?

It is important to become familiar with symptoms of vector-borne diseases that have been documented in your region, especially for individuals who work or spend a lot of recreational time outdoors when vectors are active. The best way to keep from contracting mosquito-borne disease is local vector management measures and personal protection efforts. So what CAN people do to protect themselves from mosquito bites, and contracting Jamestown Canyon virus? It sounds simple and obvious, but avoid being bitten.

When outside during dusk or dawn, try to wear loose-fitting, long-sleeve, light-colored clothing. Also, use an EPA-approved mosquito repellent on exposed skin. When you are in your yard, take a look around at items that can hold water. Mosquitoes will lay eggs in a receptacle as small as a plastic bottle cap. Inspect tires, gardening items, sporting equipment, bird baths, clogged gutters, and low areas in your yard. An area or object that can hold water for more than 4 days can be a potential breeding site for mosquitoes.

Community leaders and mosquito management professionals continue to research and implement efforts to protect public health – but everyone can play a role. By practicing source reduction on your property to prevent larval habitats and taking personal protection measures to prevent mosquito bites, you are aiding in the reduction of mosquito populations and reducing the risk of mosquito-borne disease.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Prevention Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_square Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

2017 Mosquito-Borne Disease Year in Review

Exploring Mosquito-Borne Diseases In the U.S.

In 2017, the scientific community, the public, and the press maintained their interest in the Zika virus outbreak of 2016. Articles surfaced on the potential long-term health complications attributed to contracting the virus. The public received extra education on personal protective measures to reduce the spread of Zika. And the scientific community reviewed trusted and experimental methods to prevent future outbreaks.
 
In addition to Mother Nature bringing new mosquito-related problems to Texas and Florida last year, in the floodwaters left by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, both states reported the only locally-acquired U.S. cases of Zika virus for the second year in a row. 
There were several mosquito-borne diseases reported in the United States in 2017. In this blog, we will focus on: West Nile Virus (WNV), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), and Zika. WNV remains the most common virus transmitted by mosquitoes to humans in the U.S. as well as responsible for taking the highest number of human lives.

All of the data points in this post were obtained from the Center for Disease Control (CDC)’s website as of 02/13/2018.

West Nile Virus (WNV)

west-nile-virus-wnv-2017-incidence-cdc-map-united-states-01092018-200x127.jpg47 out of 50 states and the District of Columbia have reported West Nile virus infections in people, birds, or mosquitoes in 2017. Overall, 2,002 cases of WNV were reported in humans, and there were 121 (6%) confirmed deaths in 2017. While this data shows a decrease in the number of human cases reported in 2016 (2,149), it also brings attention to the increase in lives lost, when compared to the 106 (5%) confirmed deaths in 2016. The states reporting the highest number of WNV disease cases* in 2017 include:

California: 509 cases, 28 deaths
Texas: 133 cases, 5 deaths
Arizona: 109 cases, 8 deaths
Illinois: 87 cases, 5 deaths
South Dakota: 73 cases, 4 deaths
 

Georgia did not report as many WNV cases (47) as several other areas of the country; however, the state reported one of the highest numbers (7) of confirmed lives lost as a result of the virus.

*Numbers combine Neuroinvasive Disease Cases and Non-neuroinvasive Disease Cases

WNV is typically transmitted to humans by mosquitoes that have previously fed upon an infected bird. While over 150 species of mosquitoes have been known to carry WNV, the main vector species in the U.S. are Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus. These mosquitoes are all active at night, and most cases of infection occur during the summer months. Approximately 20% of people affected by WNV will experience flu-like symptoms including fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain, and swollen lymph glands. Other symptoms may include a stiff neck, rash, sleepiness or disorientation. Less than 1% of those infected will develop West Nile Encephalitis or Meningitis, which can lead to coma, tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and even death.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on West Nile virus.

Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)

eee-eastern-equine-encephalitis-virus-cases-by-state-2007–2016_cdc-arbonet-400x232.jpgEastern equine encephalitis, also referred to as EEE or Triple E, is a rare but deadly illness for humans. Thankfully, only a few human cases of EEE are reported in the U.S. each year. The CDC sites that an average of 7 cases of EEE were reported annually in the U.S. from 2007 – 2016. In 2016, there were 7 reported human cases of EEE and 3 of those cases were fatal. As of January 9, 2018, there were 3 human cases of EEE reported to the CDC in 2017.

The reason EEE is less common in humans is that the primary mosquito vector (Culiseta melanura), does not typically feed on humans. It is believed that EEE virus is mainly transmitted to humans and horses by bridge vectors that have contracted the virus by feeding on infected birds. Symptoms typically occur four to ten days after a bite from an infected mosquito and include fever, headache, vomiting, muscle aches, joint pain, and fatigue. In rare cases, infection occurs in the brain and spinal cord leading to sudden high fever, stiff neck, disorientation, seizures, and coma. The mortality rate of those that develop EEE is about 33%, the highest among human arboviruses (a virus transmitted by arthropod vectors) cases reported in the U.S. The disease is also a concern for horses. There is a vaccine available for horses, and horse owners are encouraged to discuss an on-going vaccination schedule with their veterinarians. Currently, there is no human vaccine for EEE.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on EEE virus.

Zika Virus (ZIKV)

Zika_PDF_ButtonIn 2017, within the United States, there were 4 ZIKV cases of local mosquito-borne transmission, 5 cases acquired via sexual transmission, and 409 travel-associated cases reported to the CDC. The 4 local cases were from Florida (2) and Texas (2), the same states that reported the only local cases in 2016 (Florida: 218 and Texas: 6).

U.S. Territories reported a total of 636 local cases in 2017, a dramatic decrease from the previous year. In 2016, U.S. Territories reported close to 36,000 cases of Zika virus that were likely acquired through local mosquito-borne transmission. VDCI partnered with the CDC in several U.S. territories in 2016 to help combat the spread of Zika virus.

Many individuals learned about Zika during the outbreaks in South and North America; however, the virus was first discovered in 1947 in the Zika Forest of Uganda. In the Americas, it has only been linked to transmission by Aedes aegypti or the Yellow Fever mosquito. Ae. aegypti is also responsible for the transmission of dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and chikungunya virus. In Africa, the virus was detected in Aedes albopictus or the Asian tiger mosquito; hence, it is possible that Ae. albopictus could vector the virus in the Americas.

When symptoms occur, they typically begin with a mild headache and fever. Within a day or two, a maculopapular rash may appear and can cover many parts of the body. Following the rash, people generally report continued fever, malaise, and body aches. Other symptoms can include diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and dizziness. Treatment for symptoms includes hydration, rest, and the use of acetaminophen to relieve fever. If a pregnant woman is infected with Zika virus, it may result in microcephaly, a birth defect causing underdevelopment of the head and brain in newborn children. Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for ZIKV.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on Zika virus.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Prevention Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_square Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

2016 Mosquito-Borne Disease Year in Review

integrated mosquito management

Mosquito-Borne Diseases Reported In the U.S.

2016 was a year of intense scrutiny over vector-borne diseases due to the outbreak of Zika virus. The media coverage of Zika has overshadowed several other mosquito-borne diseases that remain a threat within the U.S. In this blog, we will cover three of the many diseases that were transmitted by mosquitoes in 2016: West Nile Virus (WNV), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), and Zika. All of the information in this post was taken from the Center for Disease Control (CDC)’s data points and website as of 01/17/2017.

west-nile-virus-wnv-2016-incidence-cdc-map-united-states-01032017.jpgWest Nile Virus (WNV): WNV is the most common virus transmitted by mosquitoes to humans in the United States. WNV is typically transmitted to humans by mosquitoes that have previously fed upon an infected bird. While over 150 species of mosquitoes have been known to carry WNV, the main vector species in the U.S. are Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus. These mosquitoes are all active at night, and most cases of infection occur during the summer months. Approximately 20% of people affected by WNV will experience flu-like symptoms including fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain, and swollen lymph glands. Other symptoms may include a stiff neck, rash, sleepiness or disorientation. Less than 1% of those infected will develop West Nile Encephalitis or Meningitis, which can lead to coma, tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and even death.

As of January 17, 2017, 47 out of 50 states and the District of Columbia have reported West Nile virus infections in people, birds, or mosquitoes in 2016. Overall, 2,038 cases of WNV were reported in humans, and there were 94 confirmed deaths (4.61%) in 2016. The total is a slight improvement from 2015, where there were 2,060 human cases and 119 confirmed deaths (5.8%). To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on West Nile virus.


Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE): EEE, also referred to as Triple E, is a rare but deadly illness for humans. Thankfully, only a few human cases of EEE are reported in the United States each year. From 2004 to 2013, an average of eight cases of EEE were reported annually in the U.S. The reason EEE is less common in humans is that the primary mosquito vector (Culiseta melanura), does not typically feed on humans. It is believed that EEE virus is mainly transmitted to humans and horses by bridge vectors that have contracted the virus by feeding on infected birds. Symptoms typically occur four to ten days after a bite from an infected mosquito and include fever, headache, vomiting, muscle aches, joint pain, and fatigue. In rare cases, infection occurs in the brain and spinal cord leading to sudden high fever, stiff neck, disorientation, seizures, and coma. The mortality rate of those that develop EEE is about 33%, the highest among human arboviruses (a virus transmitted by arthropod vectors) cases reported in the U.S. Currently, there is no human vaccine for EEE. The disease is also a concern for horses; however, a vaccine is available for horse owners.

Although preliminary, five human cases of EEE were reported nationally in 2016. In 2015, there were six reported human cases of EEE and 50% of those cases were fatal. To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on EEE virus.

 

Zika Virus (ZIKV):VDCI_Zika_Fact_Sheet_what_you_should_know_about_zika-1.jpg The Zika virus has been prevalent in the news in 2016, but has actually been around since 1947. In the Americas, it has only been linked to transmission by Aedes aegypti. Ae. aegypti is also responsible for the transmission of dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and chikungunya virus. Recently in Africa, the virus was detected in Aedes albopictus or the Asian tiger mosquito; hence, it is possible that Ae. albopictus could vector the virus in the Americas. If a pregnant woman is infected with Zika virus, it may result in microcephaly, a birth defect causing underdevelopment of the head and brain in newborn children. When symptoms occur, they typically begin with a mild headache and fever. Within a day or two, a maculopapular rash may appear and can cover many parts of the body. Following the rash, people generally report continued fever, malaise, and body aches. Other symptoms can include diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and dizziness. Treatment for symptoms includes hydration, rest, and the use of acetaminophen to relieve fever. Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for ZIKV.

As of January 4, 2017, within the U.S., there were 216 cases of ZIKV locally and 4,619 travel associated cases reported to the CDC in 2016. The 216 local cases, from the states of Florida and Texas, have received the most attention from the U.S. media. The U.S. territories (Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, and several other U.S. territories) experienced a total of 35,021 locally-acquired cases were reported in 2016. VDCI partnered with the CDC in several U.S. territories in 2016 to help combat the spread of Zika virus and will continue to work with the CDC in 2017 to protect public health. To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on Zika virus.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Zika-Carrying Aedes Aegypti: Municipal Mosquito Control Solutions

Urban waterfront with downtown office buildings, green park space, and river seawall on a clear day

Your Partner In Government Mosquito Management

Based on the spread of Zika virus in 2016, many municipalities are revisiting how they prepare for the 2017 mosquito season.

We previously provided an overview on why Aedes aegypti is a species that is challenging the mosquito control industry. Because of these challenges, mosquito management experts continue to explore new methodologies to manage Aedes aegypti populations, with the goal always being to protect public health by providing the best solutions to the unique needs of communities.

Understanding If A Threat Exists: Surveillance, Monitoring, and Disease Testing

As discussed in our recent blog, surveillance and monitoring of Aedes aegypti require specialized trapping methods, and there are some proven models as well as novel trap designs that provide great insight into the presence and population density of a species within a given area. The discovery of Aedes aegypti in a community does not mean Zika is soon to follow. After identifying captured mosquitoes, the next step should be to conduct disease testing to determine if a threat exists within the community.

A Potential Threat Is Discovered – What Happens Now?

If it is determined that a threat of Zika virus transmission exists, either due to a locally transmitted human case or a trap producing a positive test for Zika virus, mosquito management experts will take appropriate steps to aid in the management of the target species in order to protect public health. The best course of action is to evaluate the threat based upon mosquito density, larval habitat availability, and even local human customs and behaviors.

The levels of complexity involved in controlling this unique species reinforces the need for experienced professionals. Not all mosquitoes or the vector-borne diseases they carry are the same, and we must consider many factors before providing an action plan.

Aedes_aegypti_Adult_Mosquitoes

As mentioned in previous blogs, the Aedes aegypti species is particularly difficult to control due to its breeding preferences and day-time activity. For decades, the specific behavior of this species has impacted how mosquito management professionals have approached controlling this threat to public health. In the past, labor intensive strategies such as door-to-door inspections and education have been the primary method used to combat Aedes aegypti. While these methods certainly still have a place in today’s efforts to control Aedes aegypti, mosquito management experts are especially focused on the novel approaches to control this species. Specifically, newly developed delivery methods of biorational larvicides, such as the naturally occurring soil bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis isrealensis (Bti), a proven larvicide, is a great example of such a novel approach.

Biorational larvicides are utilized to kill the mosquito larvae before they can become adults and spread human pathogens. Historically, the application of Bti was generally site specific, making it labor intensive to control Aedes aegypti breeding in small, artificial containers. However, new product formulations and application technology have made the wide area application of the bacteria possible. In these new formulations, the bacteria is dissolved in water and can reach small containers in backyards or behind commercial buildings to kill mosquito larvae, without an effect on other aquatic organisms. VDCI’s ground-based equipment has the ability to provide this innovative application that allows us to cover more area and do it in less time. Of course, this new application method is just one weapon in our mosquito management arsenal to prevent or manage Zika virus outbreaks, but represents a significant advancement in the ability to control the population of Aedes aegypti in a given community.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Zika-Carrying Aedes Aegypti: Challenging Mosquito Management

Aedes_aegypti_Adult_Mosquitoes

We recently featured Aedes aegypti, the Yellow Fever Mosquito, in our Mosquito of the Month blog series. In the world of mosquito management, the species is challenging to beat – both as a topic of interest as well as a target with unique behaviors and habitats.

The species has been the focus of much industry news this year because of its ability to transmit Zika virus, a new virus to the Western Hemisphere, that can have effects ranging from mild illness to severe birth defects. This mosquito, as well as many other mosquito species that can transmit human pathogens, has already had an enormous impact on human history. In addition to Zika virus, the Aedes aegypti is also known to carry several other mosquito-borne diseases that have potentially severe medical implications including, yellow fever, dengue, and chikungunya. The increased awareness of the species, combined with 2016 Zika outbreaks and fears of an outbreak in areas where the species resides, have helped influence social behavior and have had an enormous impact on our global economy. The recent effects are most evident as communities try to determine how to properly fund Zika control efforts to protect their residents and individuals evaluate their family planning timeline and reconsider where and when they travel. With all that fear riding on those tiny wings, proper management of this challenging species and the pathogens it carries is obviously prudent.

What’s the challenge? Why can’t we use the same methodologies implemented with the management of other mosquitoes? The answer: Aedes aegypti, like all species, is unique and it has some behaviors that are different from many of the mosquitoes that we target in our efforts to control nuisance populations and protect public health. A separate approach must be considered for this species in both the adult and larval stages of its life-cycle.When considering best practices for the control of adult mosquitoes, many of the species we target, including those able to carry West Nile virus, actively host-seek at night. Meaning, once the sun sets, these mosquitoes are on the wing, actively searching for a blood meal. Aedes aegypti not only doesn’t actively host-seek, it bites primarily during the day. Aedes aegypti is a weak flyer that remains close to its larval home and uses an ambush style method of acquiring its preferred human blood meal: It waits for a person to enter its area where it can see and sense them. It will then cautiously approach its intended victim and extract its dinner, usually from a lower extremity. At night, we typically target the exposed, adult flying mosquitoes with aerial applications and ground applications using Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) mosquito adulticide. Unfortunately, during these applications, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are resting under leaves and other areas where the pesticide is much less likely to contact them and do its job.

Truck-spraying-treatment

An additional complexity of Aedes aegypti is their preferred environment for laying eggs. The majority of mosquito species seek larger bodies of standing water to lay large numbers of eggs all at once. Aedes aegypti are “container breeders” and lay a few eggs at a time in just about anything that can hold water. The species has evolved to utilize natural containers, like bamboo and tree holes, to manmade containers ranging from discarded tires to backyard flower pots. The high quantity of small containers that the species can turn into a larval habitat requires an experienced team that understands the complexity of larvicide application as well as overall mosquito management for Aedes aegypti.

To control this species, you have to locate many small larval habitats and find the resting locations of the adults. Instead of wide-area applications of larvicides and adulticides that can cover a large area in a short time, it has typically been a much more intimate, labor intensive, and time consuming approach to managing their populations and mitigate disease.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

West Nile Virus in North American Bird Populations

The Spread of West Nile virus

Prior to 1999, you had probably never heard of West Nile virus, and in fact, until then it was virtually unknown in the US. However, that year 62 human cases, 25 horse cases, and countless bird diagnoses were reported in New York state. Since that time the virus quickly spread throughout the country and has been documented in all of the lower 48 states, affecting more than 40,000 people.

While the effects of West Nile virus on human populations have been studied in great detail, and we have a fairly good understanding of its impact on human health, we are only recently starting to understand how it can make changes to bird populations and the larger ecosystem.

Like many mosquito-borne pathogens, West Nile virus has a complicated life cycle requiring amplification in birds and mosquitoes before being transmitted to people. For a person to become infected, they must be bitten by a mosquito that has previously fed upon an infected bird. It is also important to note that not all mosquito species are capable of carrying the virus, although documented in greater than 150 species.

The majority (80%) of people infected with West Nile virus will experience no symptoms, but it is possible for this disease to be debilitating and even deadly. Approximately 20% of people affected by the virus will experience flu-like symptoms including fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain, and swollen lymph glands. An even smaller proportion of people (1 in 150) will develop West Nile Encephalitis or Meningitis, which can be life-changing and lead to disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions paralysis, and even death.

While the majority of funding for West Nile mosquito surveillance and control targets protecting human health, it is important to note that humans are not the only animals infected. A recent study by researchers at Colorado State University indicates that bird populations are, and continue to be, hit heavily by the disease, and the consequences of this can have a significant impact on the ecosystem at large.

When a new disease enters an area, disease ecologists expect to see major die-offs in the first year. However, over time, the impact of the disease is expected to decrease as the host population experiences increased immunity and can recover. Using data collected from over a quarter of a million birds belonging to 49 species, researchers have found that about half of the avian species affected by West Nile virus have made a recovery; however, the other half are continuing to experience major decreases in their population. Given the additional pressures on bird populations throughout the United States, of climate change, altered land use patterns, and feral cats, the added impact of West Nile on these populations is concerning.

Why so many bird species are unable to recover from the effects of West Nile virus is currently unknown. But when we think about the effects of mosquito-borne diseases decreasing the population of any species by 8-10% per year, it is quite shocking and should give us all reason for concern. As biologists attempting to control these vector-borne diseases, it is important that we consider not only the effects of the disease on human populations but other animal populations and the greater ecosystem as well.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

VDCI’s Jim Stark Addresses Zika Virus Concerns on “Let’s Talk, Jonesboro!”

Close up a Aedes aegypti mosquito on human skin

Zika virus has been a highlight in the media over the last few months. With the public concerned, many communities are paying greater attention to how they protect their residents from mosquito-borne diseases this summer.

Zika_2.0.jpgThe city of Jonesboro, Arkansas is already preparing for the 2016 mosquito season. The city’s sponsored public affairs program “Let’s Talk, Jonesboro!” featured Jim Stark, a member of the Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) team, to provide details.

VDCI has maintained an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) partnership with the city for over 20 years. An integral part of the successful IMM relationship is VDCI’s Contract Supervisor, Jim Stark. The VDCI and Jonesboro relationship took a one-year hiatus. With the community feeling the “bite” that season they quickly returned to the experts at VDCI.

LetsTalkJonesboroAR.jpgJim spoke with host Roy Ockert Jr. about Zika virus, the importance of knowing the different species of mosquitoes in your community, where they breed, and most importantly, educating the public on how they can contribute to a reduced population.

VDCI is committed to public education and spreading awareness throughout the U.S. about the dangers of mosquito-borne diseases and their preventability, with the overarching goal of reducing the illness and fatality statistics in 2016. Our dedicated and experienced staff works tirelessly to prevent the spread of mosquito-borne diseases in all of the contracts we service. If you would like more information about any aspect of mosquito surveillance, disease testing, or adult control, please contact Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) and we will help you get started immediately.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

What You Should Know About Zika Virus

mosquito-born diseases webinar

How It Spreads, Symptoms & Protection Strategies

What is Zika virus?
Zika virus (ZIKV) was first discovered in 1947 in the Zika Forest of Uganda. Shortly thereafter, it was isolated from mosquitoes in the area and then humans in 1968. ZIKV is a flavivirus similar to yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile virus (WNV). The disease had only been detected in central Africa and throughout Southeast Asia until associated with a diesease outbreak on Yap Island, in the South Pacific in 2007. From there, it spread to South America with human cases first reported in 2014.

Zika_PDF_ButtonHow does the virus spread?
ZIKV does not appear to require an animal reservoir, like WNV, which is perhaps a factor in the rapid spread throughout the Americas. Non-infected mosquitoes are able to acquire the virus after feeding directly on infected humans. Without a “middle man” in the endemic cycle of ZIKV, the virus can spread quite rapidly where abundant, competent vector mosquitoes and humans are present together. Today, there is active transmission of the virus throughout South and Central America and the Caribbean Islands. Please refer to Figure 1 in VDCI’s Zika Virus Fact Sheet.

Symptoms of Zika infection:
Typically, people with ZIKV infection begin showing symptoms with a mild headache. Within a day or two, a maculopapular rash may appear and can cover many parts of the body (arms, hands, face, and chest). Following the rash, people generally report continued fever, malaise, and body aches. Other symptoms can include diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and dizziness.

Treatment of Zika Infection:
Treatment includes rest and the use of acetaminophen to relieve fever. Patients should also be advised to drink plenty of fluids if diagnosed. If anyone has recently traveled to a known endemic area, and are displaying any of the symptoms described above, they should consult their physician immediately.

Concerns with Pregnancy and Perinatal Infections:
If a pregnant woman is infected with the Zika virus, it may result in microcephaly, a birth defect causing underdevelopment of the head and brain in newborn children. However, the link between ZIKV and infant microcephaly is poorly understood at this time.

Preventing Zika Infection:
As always, we urge residents to reduce mosquito-breeding on the property by discarding or draining sources of standing water. Additional preventive measures, especially by pregnant women, are recommended during the daytime when Ae. aegypti are most active. Individuals that are traveling, or planning to travel, to countries where ZIKV or other mosquito-borne viruses are found, are urged to visit www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention.com and take the precautions as listed by the CDC.

Mosquito Vectors of Zika virus:
ZIKV is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. In the Americas, it has only been linked to transmission by Aedes aegypti. Ae. aegypti is also responsible for the transmission of dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and chikungunya virus. Recently in Senegal and again in Gabon, the virus was detected in Aedes albopictus, or the Asian tiger mosquito; hence, it is likely that Ae. albopictus could vector the virus in the Americas.More about Aedes aegypti:

Aedes aegypti mosquitoAe. aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is a medium-sized mosquito easily distinguished from Ae. albopictus by a silvery-white “lyre-shaped” pattern of scales on its scutum. Both species are peridomestic species found not far from human dwellings, and are particularly abundant in towns and cities. They are primarily early morning or late afternoon feeders, but females can also take a blood meal at night under artificial illumination. Aedes aegypti is reported to fly only a few hundred yards from breeding sites. Larvae can be found in a variety of artificial containers, including buckets, tires, cans, and flower pots.

Zika and Aedes aegypti in the United States:
As of February 2016, most US ZIKV cases were imported from travelers who contracted the virus in other countries and returned to the US while infected.

Both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are limited in their distribution in the US. Therefore, it is unlikely that ZIKV will become a disease that circulates in the local mosquito populations throughout the US like WNV, but select areas of the US are at higher risk because of climate. Please open VDCI’s Zika fact sheet, to view a map depicting each mosquito’s US distribution.

How VDCI Can Help Control Mosquitoes At All Stages of Life

VDCI recommends a 4-pronged approach for an effective mosquito strategy designed to target all phases of the mosquito’s life cycle:

(1) Public Education –  Focusing on the removal of mosquito breeding sources.

Given that these mosquito vectors live in and around urban settings, laying eggs in water-holding containers, community understanding of the sources of these mosquitoes and how to properly “mosquito-proof” their homes is critical. Furthermore, educational pieces that encourage individuals and families to seek prompt medical care when Zika virus is detected in a community should be distributed. Outreach to neighbors, work colleagues, and members of social clubs can reinforce messages disseminated through the mass media.

VDCI has developed numerous brochures, door hangars and fact sheets for various mosquito-borne diseases. In conjunction with door-to-door larvicide efforts, these materials can be delivered to homes and residents throughout affected neighborhoods.

(2) Surveillance – Seeking to understand a vector’s presence.

It is important to determine the mosquito distribution, density, and species composition throughout the target area. Furthermore, it will provide direct evidence of an increased transmission risk of Zika virus.

VDCI uses multiple traps to capture weekly samples of mosquitoes in various stages of their lifecycle. This complete surveillance approach is crucial for the efficient and precise control efforts in residential areas.

(3) Larval Mosquito Control – Focusing on the application of environmentally safe larvicides for the control of immature mosquitoes.

When mosquito larvae are detected in an area, trained and experienced ground crews preferentially apply treatments to all areas of standing water, stagnant pools, and water-holding containers. Only insecticides approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the control of mosquitoes should be used for all control applications.

Our crews work in two person teams to canvass a neighborhood. Appropriate habitats are inspected and, when appropriate, treated via backpack and hand-delivered applications of larvicide.

(4) Adult Mosquito Control – Targeted application of products for the effective reduction of pestiferous and disease-causing mosquitoes.

Truck-spraying-treatment

Truck-mounted and aerial ULV applications are often used to control adult mosquitoes. These methods have limited efficacy against the primary targets of Zika virus, due to the flight behavior of the Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.

VDCI recommends the deployment of two person teams to conduct targeted ULV applications combined with residual “barrier” applications via backpack applicators to mosquito harborage areas near homes and other structures. When combined with our larvicide efforts, these applications have proven highly effective at significantly reducing local populations of Ae. albopictus.

VDCI is committed to public education and spreading awareness throughout the U.S. about the dangers of mosquito-borne diseases and their preventability, with the overarching goal of reducing the illness and fatality statistics in 2016. Our dedicated and experienced staff works tirelessly to prevent the spread of mosquito-borne diseases in all of the contracts we service. If you would like more information about any aspect of mosquito surveillance, disease testing, or adult control, please contact Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) and we will help you get started immediately.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Zika Virus: An Emerging Mosquito-Borne Infection in the Americas

Clsoe-up-mosquito

Discussing Zika and Aedes genus Mosquitoes

Over the past couple weeks Zika virus has taken the media by storm and US Health officials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have issued an advisory for pregnant women traveling to areas where the virus is known to be active. While this is not a new disease, it is the first time we’ve seen it in the Western Hemisphere and it is a major cause for concern as we understand more about the potential link between Zika virus and birth defects such as microcephaly.

The Zika virus was first isolated from a rhesus macaque in Uganda in 1947 and documented in humans as early as 1968. The reason we haven’t heard much about Zika until now is that the vast majority of human cases present with little to no symptoms. In fact, the CDC reports that only 1 in 5 individuals who contract the virus will become ill, and those that do will experience mild flu-like symptoms including fever, rash, joint pain, headache and conjunctivitis (red eyes).

While the Zika virus is strongly suspected to cause a severe birth defect called microcephaly, underdevelopment of the head and brain, it is important to note that the virus belongs to a family of viruses (Flaviviridae) not previously linked with birth defects and these side effects have not been noted in countries with previous Zika outbreaks. Since Brazil’s first case of Zika was documented in May of 2015, the incidence of microcephaly cases has increased dramatically with over 4,000 cases being documented in recent months. At this point in time, the link between Zika and infant microcephaly is poorly understood and there is not a quick and easy test for the virus, therefore making research efforts difficult. As with many viruses, there is no treatment for Zika and because it was not previously believed to be a major health concern, there is also no vaccine.

Aedes_aegypti_Adult_MosquitoesZika is spread to humans by the Aedes genus of mosquito.  The most common vectors for transmitting Zika include Aedes aegypti (Yellow Fever mosquito) and Aedes albopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito), which are also responsible for spreading the dengue virus, yellow fever, and Chikungunya.  Despite the fact these mosquitoes are restricted to tropical and subtropical regions, they are found in all but two North, Central and South American countries and found throughout much of the southeastern United States.   Aedes mosquitoes carrying the Zika virus lay their eggs in standing water and often utilize artificial containers found in and around human dwellings.  As day biting mosquitoes, these individuals are most active during daylight hours and often found resting indoors as they seek cool shaded areas.  While the males of all mosquito species do not bite humans or animals, females need a blood meal to mature their eggs and the close proximity of these species to human habitats makes them an important vector for disease transmission.

As with any mosquito-borne disease, it is important to keep in mind that not every mosquito carries the virus and an integrated approach to prevention is typically the most effective. Control of these vector species often starts with mosquito surveillance and relies heavily upon the removal and modification of breeding sites through source reduction and minimized contact between mosquitoes and people.

Dumping a birdbath, removing a tire, unclogging a gutter or draining a potted plant that holds water are all examples of source reduction. You can do your part by making sure that you have no standing water on your property, wearing long sleeve pants and shirts when outdoors and utilizing repellents with DEET or oil of Lemon Eucalyptus.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.