Public Education Archives - Page 3 of 5 - Vector Disease Control International

The Four Pillars of an Effective Mosquito Management Program

Building A Comprehensive Integrated Mosquito Management Program

Mosquito bites are an unfortunate side effect of time spent outdoors. But in addition to being a nuisance, mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of many dangerous diseases including West Nile, Encephalitis, Zika, Malaria, and Yellow Fever. Because of these diseases, mosquitoes are considered the deadliest animal in the world. By understanding mosquito populations in your community, it is possible to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases and enhance the overall enjoyment of the great outdoors.

Mosquitoes are an age-old problem, but modern strategies and innovations have made it possible to curb local populations by safely targeting the insect at all life stages. This is important for mosquito abatement districts, municipalities, and county or state entities responsible for leading vector management programs. These efforts are supported by four interlocked pillars that comprise an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM), or Integrated Pest Management (IPM), program:

Mosquito Surveillance & Disease Testing

The more entomological experts can learn about population dynamics and species composition in a given area, the more efficiently they can target the problem at its source. Consistent mosquito surveillance and disease testing facilitate a greater understanding of the ever-changing challenges surrounding mosquito control, such as local population resistance and environmental considerations. GPS equipment and laboratory examinations by scientific experts play a critical role in data collection. This data is entered into proprietary databases for analysis, mapping, and reporting to local government agencies for coordinated integrated mosquito management efforts.

Public Education

Despite the strategic and technological advances made in recent decades, mosquito control programs cannot be maximized without cooperation from the entire local community. Therefore, public education is an equally important pillar of an effective Integrated Mosquito Management program. Depending on stakeholder goals, community education can be accomplished in a number of ways, including public education campaigns, the distribution of brochures or fact sheets, and partnership with the health department to encourage the use of repellents and protective clothing. When individuals take preventative steps to remove standing water from their property they can help community efforts.

An integrated mosquito management approach often requires coordination between many different stakeholders and is most effective when rooted in the expertise of scientists and entomological experts. While mosquito control strategies and mosquito control technologies continue to evolve, it’s important to remember that public education and mosquito surveillance programs will always go hand in hand with larval and adult mosquito control programs.

Larval Mosquito Control Programs

Targeting mosquitoes before they become adults is essential for any good program. That’s where proactive ground services come into play. Integrated Mosquito Management professionals specialize in understanding and identifying environments that foster mosquito development, like ditches, ponds, and stormwater drains. This knowledge helps experts shape and implement custom solutions that target the unique area. These might include source reduction, habitat modification, the introduction of natural predators like mosquitofish, or the application of EPA-registered larvicides to achieve sustainable mosquito control from the ground or, for vast areas, from above using advanced aerial technology.

Adult Mosquito Control Programs

Although mosquito surveillance and larval control should be the first steps in any mosquito control program, the control of adult mosquito populations is a critical component of an integrated mosquito management effort. Utilizing either truck-mounted sprayers or aerial application equipment we are able to make highly-targeted applications to knockdown mosquitoes during their peak activity period. To ensure a successful application, advanced spray technologies must produce a proper product droplet size and utilize GPS technology to ensure safe and even distribution across large areas.

DID YOU KNOW?

Hurricanes present several public health concerns, including a rapid surge in mosquito populations, which can disrupt recovery efforts and could lead to an increased risk of mosquito-borne diseases such as the West Nile. In order to deal with this problem, aerial applications of insecticides over wide areas can provide relief to the impacted area, assisting in the recovery efforts.

Contact Our Integrated Mosquito Management Experts

We are government partners in Integrated Mosquito Management. Complete the form below or call 800-413-4445 to learn how VDCI can help implement an Integrated Mosquito Management program or support an existing program in your community.

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Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Ways to Protect Your Home From Mosquitoes

Remove Mosquito Breeding Habitats & Use Personal Protection Strategies

While there are more than 3,000 species of mosquitoes in the world, there are fewer than 200 species in the United States. Regardless of the number of species, mosquitoes play a significant role in how American communities and individuals enjoy outdoor activities. To what extent you’ll be affected depends on the climate, desirable habitat, and several other factors and variables unique to your region.

Some mosquitoes are a nuisance for leaving itchy, red, and bumpy bites on us while others are a carrier for disease pathogens, such as eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), heartworm disease, Zika, and the #1 reported mosquito-borne disease in the U.S. – West Nile virus.If mosquitoes are a regular pest where you live, you’ll notice that they’re usually active at certain times. Although it always feels like they choose to invade during your barbecue with family and friends.

What Attracts Mosquitoes to Us?

The carbon dioxide we exhale, components of our perspiration, physical movement, and body warmth attract mosquitoes. Using their long antennae, palps (organs used for detecting scents) and eyes, female mosquitoes can find and pinpoint the location of a blood meal.

Why Do Female Mosquitoes Bite Us?

While both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar for nourishment and sustenance, only the females bite us for a blood meal. After mating, female mosquitoes need to produce eggs. It is from her blood meal that she gets the various proteins and nutrients required for to produce egg batches. A female mosquito will often bite multiple times to get enough blood for all the eggs she wants to lay. It’s during this feeding cycle that she can pass along disease pathogens to her animal or human host.

When Do Mosquitoes Bite Us?

The biting behavior of the mosquito depends on the species. Some species, such as those belonging to the Culex and Anopheles genera, are more active from dusk until dawn. Some species are active for very specific periods of time during those overnight hours. Other mosquito species, mostly belonging to the Aedes genus, are active biters during the day. This makes it important to consider mosquito prevention measures regardless of the time of day.

Where Are Mosquitoes Found?

Mosquito eggs and larvae

Mosquito eggs can be found at the edge of a water line or resting on the top of the water’s surface. Larvae hatch out and grow in these water sources, which can include water-collecting depressions, tire ruts, ditches, tree holes, and various artificial habitats created by people. These artificial habitats can include poorly maintained swimming pools, buckets and containers, playground equipment, clogged gutters, and even the catch trays of decorative planters.

Mosquito adults

During the day, most mosquitoes can be found resting in cool, shady areas, primarily in dense vegetation or animal burrows and other protected places. They can also be found resting on or inside of buildings.

What Can Homeowners Do to Reduce the Risk of Mosquito Bites?

Below are some tips to help reduce larval habitat and adult harborage areas, prevent mosquitoes from entering your property, and personal protection measures to consider when you are outdoors.

Keep grass cut and shrubbery trimmed near the house where adult mosquitoes may rest.
Water lawns and gardens carefully to prevent water from standing for more than five days.
Keep drains, ditches, and culverts clean of weeds and trash so water can flow properly.
Fill in, or drain, low spots (puddles, ruts, etc.) in the yard where water collects.
Fill in tree holes and hollow stumps that hold water with sand or concrete.
Stock ornamental pools with surface feeding fish such as minnows and goldfish.

Monitor the Exterior of Your Residence

Clean debris from rain gutters to allow proper drainage.
Check around outdoor faucets and air conditioner units and repair leaks or puddles.
Check window and door screens to ensure they are in good condition and seal tightly.
Eliminate seepage from cisterns, cesspools, and septic tanks.

Tip and Toss Water in Utility and Decorative Containers

Ensure lids of trash and recycling containers are on properly to keep out rainwater.
Drill small holes in the bottom of these containers to prevent water from collecting if lids are unavailable.
Dispose of old tires, cans, buckets, bottles, or any other water-holding containers.
Change the water in pet bowls, birdbaths, watering troughs, plant pots or drip trays at least once per week.

Drain and Cover Outdoor Recreational Equipment and Children’s Toys

Canoes and Boats: Store small boats upside down. Cover large boats tightly.
Make sure that coverings (boats, pools, compost piles, etc.) are pulled tight and sloped to allow water to drain.
Empty plastic wading pools at least once per week and store indoors when not in use.
Make sure your backyard pool is properly cared for while away from the home.
Drill holes in the bottom of tire swings to allow any water to drain.

Mosquito Prevention Checklist: Follow the 4Ds

Use EPA-approved repellents on skin and clothing (always follow product label directions for use).
Wear long-sleeve shirts and long pants that are loose-fitting for extra protection.
If you are outdoors at dusk and dawn, when many mosquito species are most active, protect yourself.
Encourage friends, family, and neighbors to follow these recommendations also.

Watch the video below to learn more about The 4Ds

Understand Existing Mosquito Management Efforts in Your Community

Do you know if your community has an established mosquito management program?

There are many strong integrated mosquito management (IMM) programs across the United States! Check with your local government to learn more about the efforts taking place in your community. Program managers may be able to offer additional details on mosquito species in your community, inform you if disease activity exists, and provide you with mosquito management advice unique to your region. We’ve seen mosquito management programs work with individuals and community groups to organize trash or tire clean-ups, distribute mosquito-eating fish for backyard ponds, visit schools, and more to provide public education and mosquito management support to residents.

Mosquitoes don’t respect geographical boundaries – your mosquito problem can quickly become an issue for your neighbors. It’s important to remember it takes effort by everyone to monitor and reduce mosquito habitat.

If you would like more information about any aspect of an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) Plan, including mosquito surveillance, disease testing, adult control, aerial applications, resistance testing, or creating an emergency response plan (major flood event or disease outbreak) – please contact Vector Disease Control International (VDCI).

Contact Us to Learn More About Mosquito Management

Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

2018 Mosquito-Borne Disease Year in Review

Explore the Mosquito-Borne Diseases Reported In Your Region

Official reports on vector-borne diseases, severe weather, and changes in our climate were repeated in various media outlets last year. The attention brought heightened awareness to a number of disease-carrying pests, with a lot of the attention on – the mosquito. For this article, we will provide a brief overview of mosquito-borne disease reporting to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2018. We will also discuss lesser known mosquito-borne diseases, and the CDC report that highlighted an increase in vector-borne disease reporting over the last decade.

Vector-borne disease transmission cycles are complex. They involve a variety of interconnected environmental parameters – meaning that predicting where they will be prevalent in any given year is difficult. However, we will also briefly cover what is currently being reported in 2019.

Mosquito-Borne Disease Activity Right Now

Before we revisit 2018, you may be curious about the mosquito-borne disease activity at present. As of July 23, 2019, a total of 34 states have reported West Nile virus (WNV) infections in people, birds, or mosquitoes to the CDC. Arizona is already reporting 57 human cases and one human death. With record heat and rains impacting many parts of the U.S. this summer, some communities are experiencing mosquito activity higher than in recent years. Many of the floodwater mosquitoes surfacing are aggressive biters, but they don’t present a health risk. However, there are several mosquito species known to vector disease-causing agents that have communities on alert. Areas with historically high trap counts have program managers seeking additional support – from the ground and the air.

Reno County, KS chose to conduct an aerial adulticide application to reduce Culex populations. Moab, UT chose an aerial mission that focused on reducing larval populations. The goal in Moab was to prevent larvae from emerging and becoming yet another generation of biting adults that could attack a community seeking relief from mosquito populations as well as protection from the diseases they may carry. While a few other mosquito-borne diseases have been detected in the U.S. in 2019, such as eastern equine encephalitis, WNV activity is the majority of mosquito-borne disease reporting across the U.S. at the moment.

Public Health and Vector-Borne Diseases in the U.S.

In May 2018, just ahead of summer outdoor activities and vacations, the CDC released new vector-borne disease statistics in its Vital Signs report. The data in the report reflected a staggering increase in the number of reported vector-borne disease cases. From 2004 to 2016, illnesses reported to the CDC from mosquito, tick, and flea bites more than tripled. The report highlighted the increase in mosquito-borne disease outbreaks in the U.S. as well as the uptick in the number of pathogens/diseases transmitted by these vectors.

The emergence of Zika virus and chikungunya virus in the U.S. were provided as examples. As mosquitoes and the disease they carry are more readily transported through global commerce and travel, and changes in climate create ideal habitats for mosquito species to flourish in new areas of the U.S., more people in the states will be living in areas at risk for mosquito-borne disease transmission. This awareness has community leaders, as well as public health and environmental health professionals, taking action to understand threats in their community and prepare, as much as possible, for the unexpected.

Are Mosquito-Borne Diseases Underreported?

On top of the new data highlighting the increase in the number of vector-borne disease cases reported in the U.S., lesser known mosquito-borne diseases also made headlines in 2018. Two diseases you may not be as familiar with are Keystone virus and Jamestown Canyon virus.

In June 2018, University of Florida researchers announced that the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases had confirmed the first human case of the mosquito-borne Keystone virus. The case stemmed back to August 2016, when a teenage boy presented with a fever and severe rash. Initial tests did not confirm Zika virus or other pathogens. While an isolated case, it may indicate that other mosquito-borne viruses are present and not reported in the U.S.

A wife in New Hampshire watched her husband battle unknown health complications, and he ultimately passed away from encephalitis in June of 2018. A month prior to his death, test results showed evidence of Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) and his family wonders if the virus was the leading contributor. With so many unknowns and the medical community still learning about the virus, additional research and education continue on JCV.

2018 Mosquito-Borne Diseases Reported to the CDC

As in years past, West Nile virus continues to be the most reported and most deadly mosquito-borne disease in the United States. The remainder of this article will focus on WNV, La Crosse encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon virus, dengue, and one of the most high-profile diseases covered by the media, addressed by public health organizations, and discussed in communities throughout the U.S.in recent years – Zika virus. Data points for this post were obtained from the CDC’s website as of 07/31/19.

49 out of 50 states and the District of Columbia reported West Nile virus infections in people, birds, or mosquitoes in 2018. Overall, 2,647 cases of WNV were reported in humans, and there were 167 (6.3%) confirmed deaths in 2018. This data shows an increase from the number of human cases reported in 2017 (2,097). It also brings attention to the increase in lives lost, when compared to the 146 (7%) confirmed deaths in 2017 and the 106 (4.9%) confirmed deaths from WNV in 2016.

The states reporting the highest number of human WNV disease cases to the CDC* in 2018:

West Nile Virus 2018 Human U.S. Cases	2018 Cases	2018 Deaths
Nebraska	251	11
California	217	11
North Dakota	204	2
Illinois	176	17
South Dakota	169	4
Texas	146	11
Pennsylvania	130	8
Iowa	104	9
Michigan	102	9
New York	98	6

*Statistics include combined count of Neuroinvasive Disease Cases and Non-neuroinvasive Disease Cases

Illinois reported the most human WNV deaths of any state (17). The second highest reports came from Nebraska, California, and Texas – each reporting eleven (11) deaths. Michigan and Iowa each had nine (9) fatalities related to WNV. Virginia also had a notably high number of fatalities (8) compared to its total number of cases (48).

New Hampshire and Hawaii were the only states that did not report human WNV disease cases to the CDC in 2018.

WNV is typically transmitted to humans by mosquitoes that have previously fed upon an infected bird. While over 150 species of mosquitoes have been known to carry WNV, the main vector species in the U.S. are Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus. These mosquitoes are all active at night, and most cases of infection occur during the summer months. Approximately 20% of people affected by WNV will experience flu-like symptoms including fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain, and swollen lymph glands. Other symptoms may include a stiff neck, rash, sleepiness or disorientation. Less than 1% of those infected will develop West Nile Encephalitis or Meningitis, which can lead to coma, tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and even death.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on West Nile virus.

La Crosse Encephalitis Virus (LACV) in 2018

What is mosquito-borne encephalitis?

Mosquito-borne encephalitis can be a severe result of many viruses vectored by mosquitoes. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain and central nervous system and is characterized by a high to moderate mortality rate, with some survivors left with permanent physical and mental disabilities. In the U.S., it is geographically wide-spread and is prevalent in several forms: West Nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon virus, and several others – including La Crosse. Not all individuals who are infected with one of these viruses will have a severe case that results in encephalitis.

Since La Crosse often presents mild or no symptoms after transmission to humans, it is believed that the virus is underdiagnosed and underreported. Because of this, the CDC only uses LACV neuroinvasive disease cases in their statistics.

The eastern treehole mosquito (Aedes triseriatus) is the primary vector of La Crosse. As the name hints to, this species prefers to utilizes tree holes for their larval habitat. If LACV activity is discovered in a region, individuals living near or frequenting wooded areas where this species lives are more at risk.

In 2018, there were 83 human La Crosse virus neuroinvasive disease cases reported in the U.S. The states reporting the most human cases included: Ohio (39), North Carolina (24), and Tennessee (13). There were no human fatalities reported from LACV in 2018.

To learn more about La Crosse encephalitis virus, visit the CDC’s page on LACV.

Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) in 2018

Eastern equine encephalitis, also referred to as EEE or Triple E, is a rare but deadly illness for humans. Thankfully, only a few human cases of EEE are reported in the U.S. each year. From 2009 – 2018, between 3 and 15 cases of EEE were reported to the CDC every year in the U.S. During this time period, Florida (13), Massachusetts (10), New York (8), North Carolina (7), and Michigan (7) reported the highest number of cases.

In 2018, there were 6 reported human cases of EEE and 1 of those cases were fatal.

*Statistics include combined count of Neuroinvasive Disease Cases and Non-neuroinvasive Disease Cases

The reason EEE is less common in humans is that the primary mosquito vector (Culiseta melanura), does not typically feed on humans. It is believed that EEE virus is mainly transmitted to humans and horses by bridge vectors that have contracted the virus by feeding on infected birds. Symptoms typically occur four to ten days after a bite from an infected mosquito and include fever, headache, vomiting, muscle aches, joint pain, and fatigue. In rare cases, infection occurs in the brain and spinal cord leading to sudden high fever, stiff neck, disorientation, seizures, and coma. The mortality rate of those that develop EEE is about 33%, the highest among human arboviruses (a virus transmitted by arthropod vectors) cases reported in the U.S. The disease is also a concern for horses. There is a vaccine available for horses, and horse owners are encouraged to discuss an on-going vaccination schedule with their veterinarians. Currently, there is no human vaccine for EEE.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on EEE virus.

St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) in 2018

Prior to the introduction of West Nile virus in 1999, St. Louis Encephalitis virus (SLEV) was the most important epidemic mosquito-borne viral disease in the U.S. Annual reports of SLEV cases fluctuate widely, due to periodic epidemics that occur. Most cases occur in west and central states. From 2009 to 2018, an average of seven cases of SLE disease were reported annually. The last major epidemic occurred in 1975 along the Ohio-Mississippi River Basin when nearly 2,000 cases and 142 deaths were reported.

In 2018, there were 8 reported human cases of SLE and 1 of those cases were fatal.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector St. Louis encephalitis, visit our educational page on SLE virus.

Jamestown Canyon Virus in 2018

What is interesting about Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), is that it behaves a little differently than a few of the viruses the public may be more familiar with. West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus rely on a reservoir host to perpetuate the virus, as the mosquito cannot pass it on to their offspring. With JCV, in addition to having reservoir hosts, such as deer, this virus can also have transovarian transmission, which means the parent arthropod (in this case a mosquito) can pass the disease pathogen to their offspring. This is not completely uncommon. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a vector-borne disease that is transmitted through an infected tick carrying the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. The bacterium can be transmitted to offspring in this way as well.

JCV was first discovered in Culiseta mosquitoes in Jamestown, Colorado, in 1961. Since 1961, it has been found in various mosquito species (Aedes, Culex, Coquillettidia), mammals, and humans across North America.

In 2018, there were 32 cases of Jamestown Canyon virus reported in the U.S. The majority of the cases were reported from Wisconsin (23).

To learn more about this virus, read our blog on Jamestown Canyon virus.

Zika Virus (ZIKV) in 2018

Overall in 2018, Zika virus (ZIKV) activity slowed within the United States. There were 0 cases of locally-acquired ZIKV and 0 sexually-acquired cases. However, there was continued activity in travel-associated reports of the disease, with 72 travel-acquired cases documented during the year. Over 50% of the travel-acquired cases were from individuals returning to Florida and California from abroad.

U.S. territories also had a substantial drop in reported cases over 2017. In the territories, there were 147 locally-acquired cases and 1 travel-associated case. There were 0 cases reported through other routes. The CDC notes that sexually-acquired cases are not reported for U.S. territories because with local transmission of Zika virus it is not possible to determine whether infection occurred due to mosquito-borne or sexual transmission.

Despite the decreases, VDCI remains vigilant in monitoring ZIKV activity around the globe so that we are able to provide support should another outbreak occur. VDCI partnered with the CDC in several U.S. territories in 2016 to help combat the spread of Zika virus.

Many individuals learned about Zika during the outbreaks in South and North America; however, the virus was first discovered in 1947 in the Zika Forest of Uganda. In the Americas, it has only been linked to transmission by Aedes aegypti or the Yellow Fever mosquito. Ae. aegypti is also responsible for the transmission of dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and chikungunya virus. In other parts of the world, the virus has been detected in Aedes albopictus or the Asian tiger mosquito; hence, it is possible that Ae. albopictus could vector the virus in the Americas.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on Zika virus.

Dengue Virus in 2018

Dengue virus is transmitted by certain Aedes mosquitoes and considered a major global threat as our world’s urban landscape grows. Beyond the increase in desirable habitats for the container-breeding species, the virus has four strains (multiple serotypes) making it complicated for medical professionals to manage. Chikungunya virus shares similar symptoms to dengue and provides those bitten with immunity from future chikungunya infections. Unfortunately, with multiple strains of dengue, an individual is more likely to be hospitalized or die if infected with more than one serotype. Those previously infected or individuals with a weakened immune system should take even greater precautions.

The United States has experienced local outbreaks of dengue in Hawaii (2015), near the Texas-Mexico border (2013), and in Florida. Except for 2017, Florida reported locally-transmitted cases of dengue annually between 2010 – 2018. Larger outbreaks have occurred within U.S. Territories such as Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. A portion of the United States is at a higher risk because of climate and the presence of certain Aedes mosquitoes.

In 2018, there were 2 reported human cases of locally-acquired dengue virus. Texas (1) and Florida (1).

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on dengue.

Monitoring Real-Time U.S. Mosquito-Borne Disease Activity

The CDC has a number of tools in place to help citizens and organizations track vector-borne diseases. The CDC’s ArboNet map provides an illustrated overview of mosquito and other vector-borne activity across the U.S. You can view this live map and archival maps which, including:

West Nile Virus (WNV)
St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
La Crosse (LAC)
Dengue (DEN) locally-acquired and travel-associated
Chikungunya (CHIK) locally-acquired and travel-associated
Zika Virus (ZIKA) locally-acquired and travel-associated
Powassan Virus (a tick-borne disease)

Utilize the tabs across the top of the ArboNet map to choose the specific vector-borne disease to track and the drop-down menu at the right to select the year. Note: There are times where the CDC’s disease page and the ArboNet map are not in sync. It can be beneficial to reference both resources to ensure you have the most up-to-date disease reporting. Communities may also report disease cases and probably diseases cases on their individual website prior to reporting to the CDC. We encourage all individuals to take personal protection measures and monitor local disease activity via resources available within your community.

This 2018 map from CDC’s ArboNet shows West Nile virus activity across the U.S. in 2018.

VDCI is committed to public education and spreading awareness throughout the U.S. about the dangers of mosquito-borne diseases and their preventability, with the overarching goal of reducing illness and fatality statistics. Our dedicated and experienced team works tirelessly with local governments to prevent the spread of mosquito-borne diseases in all of the contracts we service from coast to coast. We hope everyone has a safe summer.

If you would like more information about any aspect of an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) Plan, including mosquito surveillance, disease testing, adult control, aerial applications, resistance testing, or creating an emergency response plan (major flood event or disease outbreak) – please contact Vector Disease Control International (VDCI).

In addition, our team has played an integral role in disaster relief and disease outbreak situations for over 20 years. With our fleet of over 200 trucks and 12 aircraft, VDCI is the only company in the country that can internally manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance and disease testing to ground and aerial operations for seasonal needs or emergency response situations.

We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Why Are Mosquitoes Crossing State Lines?

Discover the Changes In Mosquito Behaviors

Generally, in Colorado, we spend day after day digging through piles of Aedes vexans, Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and several other common species. When it comes to adult mosquito surveillance, our Denver office alone sets and collects over 200 traps per week. It can get pretty exciting while sorting through a pile of mosquitoes, during your normal monotonous routine, when a specimen that doesn’t seem to belong appears under your microscope. After running the unique arthropod through a dichotomous key (an identification tool), the excitement is heightened when you realize you have found a mosquito species never previously recorded in your state! In a single season, our Denver lab identified three (3) species that lacked historical records in the state of Colorado. Needless to say, our team was intrigued by the new discoveries and took on the challenge to monitor their presence during the remainder of the season as well as throughout the next year.

The obvious question was, “Why are new species entering Colorado?” The state has seen a substantial increase in people moving in over the last decade. Could the influx of human residents be playing a role in the introduction of the 6-legged residents? Are changes by Mother Nature contributing to the mosquito species crossing state lines? Or a combination of the above?

Whether the species was a single specimen, only visiting for the season, or have established a new presence within the state – our team of mosquito detectives enjoyed monitoring the unique finds over the last two seasons. We hope you learn something new about each species as well as appreciate our team’s perspective on the potential reasons for each species to explore a new region of the country.

Species: Orthopodomyia signifera

Primary Territory: Eastern and Southern United States
2017 Colorado Location: South-Central Colorado

Or. signifera is a tree-hole species. The species prefers to utilize nature-made containers as their larval habitats – primarily tree holes. The discovery of the species (a single specimen) in the Colorado town of Pueblo was a surprise. The region is a desert environment that has historically lacked trees, except along the streams. These riparian areas (locations adjacent to rivers or streams) were either flooded away after the spring snowmelt, cut to be burned for fuel, or used as building materials, such that the trees never grew large enough to have hollows that could hold water.

During the 2017 season, we found the Or. signifera specimen along the Arkansas River where trees now grow. The river’s water levels are now controlled by upstream dams and diversion, therefore rarely flooding even during the spring snowmelt runoff, and they are no longer harvested for building materials or fuel. Today, trees in this area are encouraged to grow to maturity due to the changes humans have made to the environment. Therefore they provide the cracks and hollows Orthopodomyia require to reproduce. The 2017 discovery was a single record.

2018 Colorado Update: Unfortunately, we did not find any more specimens of this species during the 2018 season – which limits our ability to understand how or why the first specimen was located in the region. It could represent an accidental introduction of a stowaway mosquito, brought to the state by a human driving a car or truck from a more suitable southern location; however, this does not necessarily mean Or. signifera aren’t established here. Tree hole species are not usually collected in traps in high numbers. This could have been an isolated incident, but only time will tell.

Species: Culiseta minnesotae

Primary Territory: The northern United States, especially in the colder regions of the Midwest, and into the Canadian prairie.
2017 Colorado Location: North-Central Colorado

While Colorado has suitable habitat for Culiseta minnesotae, the species has never been recorded in the state and is suspected to be adapted to a colder climate. Our team collected Cs. minnesotae in the City of Boulder within an open space that previously was a ranch. Colorado is way out of range for this species; in fact, this is the most southern location it has been recorded. This species is quite large and adapted for taking blood meals from larger mammals such as ungulates (which include deer as well as cattle and other livestock), so it makes sense to find it where horses used to reside. We’ve only collected it at one particular trap site. However, it was collected at this site multiple times during the 2017 season.

2018 Colorado Update: Our team did not find any Cs. minnesotae during the 2018 season. The 2017 population may have been an isolated introduction, perhaps brought to the former ranch location by a horse trailer from the north. However, collecting Cs. minnesotae for multiple consecutive weeks in 2017 does tell us this species can survive here, although it probably has not established a permanent population.

Species: Aedes sollicitans (Salt Marsh Mosquito)

Primary Territory: Along the Atlantic coast from northeastern Canada, south to Florida, and along the Gulf of Mexico to Texas.
2017 Colorado Location: Eastern Colorado

Coastal locations are common for Aedes sollicitans as the larvae live in brackish water. They can occur inland in isolated populations from somewhat saline waters created by other non-marine sources such as runoff from over-fertilization, roadside ditches where salt is used to melt ice, and wastewater from oil and gas wells.

Our team found Ae. sollicitans in half a dozen different traps from different parts of the eastern portion of the state in 2017. It looks like a more common species that live as larvae in flooded pastures, so a couple of things could be happening here. Perhaps it has always been here, and we have been misidentifying it as Aedes nigromaculis, a species that looks very similar to the untrained eye. However, being so far from the coast, that doesn’t explain where the larvae are living. For that, we look at the expansion of irrigated agriculture, roadside ditches, and oil and gas exploration. All of the traps that collected Ae. sollicitans are in close proximity to one or more of these kinds of human-altered habitats.

2018 Colorado Update:
Since the first Ae. sollicitans record was found in Colorado, we have collected many specimens for two consecutive seasons. It is likely established here, which is not surprising as this species is known to be moving inland for quite some time now. As our Chief Entomologist, Doc Weissmann mentions, in his Mosquito of the Month blog series, Ae. sollicitans in other parts of the country have been identified 30 to as far as 100 miles from their likely breeding habitats. This species is opportunistic. If the proper habitat and niche are provided in a new area – it will thrive. While we haven’t detected a disease threat in the samples collected in Colorado, this aggressive biting species has been identified in other areas of the country as a competent vector of Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) and dog heartworm.

The three (3) species discovered by the Denver lab made for an interesting 2017 season and kept our team intrigued throughout the 2018 season. As humans continue to alter habitat and make changes to the environment, we can expect to see more species establish in areas out of their known range, or at least make a brief appearance in the future. People will also continue to transport species from place to place. Transportation can occur with stowaways in a vehicle or hidden within products used for many trades. Some species have been known to lay their eggs on sod. The landscaping material gets wrapped up and shipped out to multiple states and simultaneously moves that species to a new area. Used tires have allowed the notorious Aedes albopictus (Asian Tiger mosquito) and Aedes aegypti (Yellow Fever mosquito) to increase their range as tires are transported to recycling facilities across the country.

These are just a couple of examples of how our impact as humans expands the geographic range of mosquitoes. As mentioned with the Orthopodomyia signifera discovery – we may have isolated incidents, but only time will tell how much of an impact that humans, as well as naturally occurring environmental changes, will have on the creation of new mosquito habitats and territories.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

A New Dawn for Fighting Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Utilizing New Technologies to Protect Public Health

Over recent decades many mosquito-borne diseases have resurfaced or emerged and spread rapidly. From Zika, dengue to West Nile fever and chikungunya. Even malaria, which has had long-term global efforts to eradicate it has recently shown signs of increasing.

Many of these diseases have no specific treatment and the limited medicines available for some are facing resistance. Insecticides used to control mosquitoes are also facing resistance. On many fronts, innovations are urgently needed to control old diseases and prevent new ones from spreading.

Scientists in fields as diverse as biochemistry, genomics, entomology, computing, remote sensing, avionics, artificial intelligence, robotics, and aerospace engineering are combining their resources to develop new ways to fight diseases.

Here are a few examples of some recent scientific developments that are bringing a new dawn in the fight against the global threat of mosquito-borne diseases.

Fighting Insecticide Resistance with Next-Generation Insecticides

In recent decades Anopheles and Aedes mosquito populations in various parts of the world have built up resistance to many of the available insecticides and larvicides used for vector control. Without new products vector control is “doomed to failure”, according to IVCC.

Two new-generation insecticides were approved by WHO in 2017 and are being distributed in malaria areas for use in IRS programs by the NgenIRS project. Since 2016 the project has supported operations in 12 African countries and bought over 4.5 million bottles of the new insecticides.

New Odors to Attract and Repel Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes find human hosts by sensing the carbon dioxide we breathe out. But when they get close they locate sites for feeding by detecting volatile chemicals given off by human skin. Researchers at the University of California Riverside used modern chemical screening techniques to test half a million compounds in a chemical database to find those that could trigger mosquito sensing organs.

They chose two compounds that are already in common use, so don’t need lengthy and costly safety testing, to study further:

ethyl pyruvate, which is a food flavoring with a fruity flavor: this was found to reduce Aedes aegypti attraction
cyclopentanone, a mint-smelling flavor and fragrance: this was a powerful attractant for Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes

Robotics, Gene Sequencing, and Cloud Computing to Detect Diseases Early

Project Premonition is developing a high-tech system to identify potential disease outbreaks before they happen by capturing and analyzing the DNA of mosquitoes that have fed on local animals that could be reservoirs of diseases.

The project is a collaboration between Microsoft Research (MSR) and several U.S. universities. The project is developing:

Autonomous drones that can locate mosquito hotspots in complex environments containing trees and buildings
Robotic traps to collect and identify mosquito specimens
Genomics, cloud computing, and machine learning algorithms to analyze the DNA and RNA in the mosquito samples
The genomics part of the project can already identify the correct mixture of organisms — animals, mosquitoes, and pathogens — with 99.9% accuracy.

Releasing Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia Bacteria

In July this year, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) announced the successful results of a project that released millions of sterile male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes on the Cassowary coast in Queensland, Australia. The project uses new techniques developed by Verily (owned by Alphabet, the parent company of Google) for large-scale rearing, sorting out the males, infecting them with Wolbachia bacteria, and releasing large numbers of the mosquitoes. The Wolbachia prevents the females producing viable eggs.

Verily is also developing software, monitoring tools, sensors, and traps to indicate the mosquito hotspots where the treatment is most effective. The early results show that local Aedes mosquito populations were reduced by 80% – a promising example of the potential of new scientific developments in fighting the global threat of mosquito-borne diseases.

A Gut Feeling to Blocking Diseases

The midgut of mosquitoes is the initial site of infection for a range of diseases, therefore finding a way to block infections there will also block transmission to humans. Many research projects in multiple disciplines are looking at novel ways to do this, including:

Preventing Fungal Infections

Researchers at Johns Hopkins University in the U.S. found that a common fungus, Talaromyces, can infect Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and make them more susceptible to the dengue virus. The researchers also found that a Penicillium fungus made Anopheles mosquitoes more susceptible to infection with the malaria parasite. The research suggests that antifungal solutions are a potential alternative to insecticide spraying to protect mosquitoes from diseases they might spread to humans.

Biochemical Modification of the Mosquito Gut

Another study at Colorado State University has made the first comprehensive analysis of the complex biochemical interactions that occur in a mosquito during a dengue virus infection of the cells lining the gut. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry the researchers identified several biochemical pathways in the mosquito that are required for the virus to replicate. These are now targets for further research to find ways to block them.

Knocking Out Mosquito Genes

Another team of researchers at Johns Hopkins University developed a new gene-editing procedure for Anopheles mosquitoes using a tool called CRISPR/Cas9. Their procedure knocks out the Anopheles mosquito gene FREP1 that enables the Plasmodium parasite to infect the cells lining the midgut. The mutant mosquitoes showed a significant decrease in infection with the parasite. Further work is needed, however, before they can be released into the wild and their prospective impact in reducing the threat of mosquito-borne diseases can be examined.

New Antimalarials

Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) has a partnership network of over 400 pharmaceutical, academic, and endemic-country partners in 55 countries developing drugs to protect against malaria.

Since its foundation in 1999 the network has brought seven new medicines to market that are already being used to prevent and treat the disease. As recently as July this year the US FDA endorsed tafenoquine, another medicine produced under the program. This targets the dormant liver stage of Plasmodium vivax and is the first new medicine for 60 years for this type of treatment.

The Future

The future for controlling mosquito-borne diseases is looking more promising as scientific developments across many disciplines are providing new ways of treating diseases and controlling mosquitoes.

VDCI is proud to be a member of the Rentokil Steritech family of companies in North America. Rentokil Steritech is a pest control business with operations all over the world. Working with them, we are confident that our history of service excellence will continue to develop and improve. Our mission is to protect people and enhance lives through our technical experts.

As part of Rentokil’s commitment to fighting mosquito-borne diseases, the company is establishing a new global center of excellence for mosquito control in North America.

Listen to Andy Ransom, CEO of Rentokil Initial, discuss the size of the threat from mosquitoes and what Rentokil is doing to help in commemoration of World Mosquito Day August 20th.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Prevention Strategies:

Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Public Health: U.S. Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Deep Dive Into Common Mosquito-Borne Diseases

There are really only two reasons to control mosquitoes; to avoid nuisance biting and to control mosquito-transmitted diseases in the USA. Everyone recognizes that mosquitoes can be a terrible blood feeding nuisance, but many people do not realize the magnitude of the health threat that they represent globally. Some of the world’s most deadly diseases are carried and transmitted by mosquitoes. It is estimated that up to a million people die every year from mosquito-borne diseases with many countries around the world ravaged by malaria, yellow fever, and dengue-hemorrhagic fever. What is the history and what are the current local cases of mosquito-borne diseases in the U.S.?

Malaria: The World's Deadliest Mosquito-Borne Disease has a History in the U.S.

Malaria is one of the most dangerous mosquito transmitted diseases caused by a Plasmodium parasite and is the leading cause of mosquito-borne deaths throughout the world. In the past, local malaria cases were reported within the U.S. It wasn’t until after 1950 that malaria was considered eliminated from the country, due to large-scale mosquito control efforts and swamp drainage. While the disease is not currently a threat, one of the primary carriers of the disease parasite in the pre-1950s U.S. – is far from eliminated. Anopheles quadrimaculatus (also known as the Common Malaria Mosquito) is distributed throughout the eastern United States, often occurring in huge numbers in the southeastern states, especially along the Gulf of Mexico. This fact reinforces the importance of robust surveillance and disease testing programs highlighting the potential resurgence of mosquito diseases in areas where the species inhabits.

What Diseases Do Mosquitoes Carry in the USA?

In more recent years, West Nile virus, several types of encephalitis, and dog heartworm have been the primary mosquito-borne diseases in the U.S. Additionally, Zika virus, dengue fever, and chikungunya have emerged over the past couple of years as threats to human health in the United States, South America, and the Caribbean. These mosquito transmitted diseases represent a significant public health challenge.

What is Mosquito-Borne Encephalitis?

Mosquito-borne encephalitis is one of the critical mosquito transmitted diseases that can severely impact human health. Mosquito-borne encephalitis can be a severe result of many viruses vectored by mosquitoes. In the U.S., it is geographically wide-spread and is prevalent in several forms: West Nile virus (WNV), La Crosse encephalitis (LAC), eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), and several others. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain and central nervous system and is characterized by a high to moderate mortality rate, with some survivors left with permanent physical and mental disabilities.

West Nile Virus: #1 Mosquito-Borne Disease Threat in the U.S.

West Nile virus, one of the leading mosquito-borne diseases in the USA, can cause encephalitis in severe cases. This mosquito disease entered the U.S. along the east coast in 1999 and has had serious ongoing implications for the rest of North America as it has spread across the country. 47 out of 50 states and the District of Columbia reported West Nile virus infections in people, birds, or mosquitoes in 2017.

WNV is typically transmitted to humans by mosquitoes that have previously fed upon an infected bird. While over 150 species of mosquitoes have been known to carry WNV, the primary vector species in the U.S. are Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus. These mosquitoes are all active at night, and most cases of infection occur during the summer months. Approximately 20% of people affected by WNV will experience flu-like symptoms including fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain, and swollen lymph glands. Other symptoms may include a stiff neck, rash, sleepiness or disorientation. In severe cases, an individual can develop West Nile Encephalitis or Meningitis, which can lead to coma, tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and even death.

2003 was the largest WNV outbreak in the U.S. with 9,862 cases reported and 264 deaths. 2012 was the deadliest year for WNV in the U.S., with 286 deaths reported to the CDC. West Nile virus is a concern in North American bird populations and remains the #1 mosquito-borne disease threat to humans in the U.S., with over 46,000 cases reported between 1999-2016.

Chikungunya: A Human Virus

WNV, EEE, LAC, and a few other mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses have an animal reservoir and cannot be transmitted from human to mosquito. Mosquito-transmitted diseases like Chikungunya is another illness that primarily affects humans. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on a person already infected with the virus and then spread the virus by feeding on other humans. Because of this ability, the virus has the potential to spread quickly, especially in urban areas with larger populations. The virus first reached the Americas in 2013, with local cases reported in the U.S. in Florida (2014) and Texas (2015).

Dengue Virus: Enjoying Urban Environments

Dengue virus, another human virus, is transmitted by certain Aedes mosquitoes. On a global level, the virus is considered a significant threat as our world’s urban landscapes grow. Beyond the increase in desirable habitats for the container-breeding species, the virus has four strains (multiple serotypes). These mosquito diseases thrive in urban environments, making it complicated for medical professionals to manage. Chikungunya virus shares similar symptoms to dengue and provides those bitten with immunity from future chikungunya infections. Unfortunately, with multiple strains of dengue, an individual is more likely to be hospitalized or die if infected with more than one serotype. Dengue is considered under reported or misclassified. The World Health Organization posted an update on the virus globally, citing research1 that estimates the real number of dengue infections could be close to 390 million annually.

The United States has experienced local cases of dengue in Florida, Hawaii, and near the Texas-Mexico border. Larger outbreaks have occurred within U.S. Territories, including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands.

Heartworm Disease: Infecting Our Four-Legged Friends

In addition to human cases of mosquito-borne diseases, there is a growing concern for pet owners. Dirofilaria immitis, commonly referred to as heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm that infects a variety of mammals. Heartworm is found throughout the world and has been reported in all states in the U.S. The natural host is dogs. Infection in dogs can lead to heartworm disease and, if left untreated, severe physical damage and death may occur. Fortunately, for felines, most worms in cats don’t survive to the adult stage. Prevention is an option, for both dogs and cats, and should be discussed with your veterinarian. Although isolated human infections have been reported, heartworm is not currently recognized as a human health problem. Mosquito-borne diseases like Heartworm have been reported in all U.S. states.

Mosquitoes: Abundant and Problematic

As an individual, if you’ve ever been driven inside by biting mosquitoes or have chased the pesky invaders around the bedroom in the middle of the night, you may consider 1 or 2 mosquitoes – too many. When mosquito populations increase, mosquito diseases pose even greater risks and , there becomes an even greater need for control efforts. Hurricanes have the ability to create vast areas of standing water that produce extreme mosquito populations and make the already difficult disaster relief efforts even harder and more dangerous. With or without a natural disaster, economic losses can be considerable for businesses or travel destinations that are considered uninhabitable or unsuitable. This is often due to unmanaged environments that allow for large populations of one of nature’s deadliest – the mosquito. The impact mosquito-transmitted diseases in the USA can have on our communities goes beyond itchy bites. We must continue to manage abundant mosquito populations to help protect public health from mosquito-borne diseases.

1 Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Farlow AW, Moyes CL et.al. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature;496:504-507.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Prevention Strategies:

Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Vector-Borne Disease Spotlight: Jamestown Canyon Virus

Exploring the Impact of Mosquito-Borne Diseases

What? There is another virus that can be transmitted by mosquitoes?! Yes. Mosquitoes are the deadliest animals in the world, and Jamestown Canyon virus is another virus on the long list of diseases vectored by these arthropods.

What is interesting about Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), is that it behaves a little differently than a few of the viruses the public may be more familiar with. West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus rely on a reservoir host to perpetuate the virus, as the mosquito cannot pass it on to their offspring. With JCV, in addition to having reservoir hosts, such as deer, this virus can also have transovarian transmission, which means the parent arthropod (in this case a mosquito) can pass the disease pathogen to their offspring. This is not completely uncommon. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a vector-borne disease that is transmitted through an infected tick carrying the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. The bacterium can be transmitted to offspring in this way as well.

JCV was first discovered in Culiseta mosquitoes in Jamestown, Colorado, in 1961. Since 1961, it has been found in various mosquito species (Aedes, Culex, Coquillettidia), mammals, and humans across North America.

Is Jamestown Canyon Virus Common?

Jamestown Canyon virus is an orthobunyavirus of the California serogroup. This is the same group that was mentioned in the news last month when it was discovered that a boy in Florida had been infected with the Keystone virus, another mosquito-borne disease, that hadn’t previously been found in humans. JCV was not considered a nationally notifiable disease until a few years back, and states are not mandated to report to the CDC. Depending on local data collection, staff reporting, and even local municipal funding it’s often hard to find a clear picture of disease incidence rates. Only 9 cases of JCV, in the U.S., have been recognized by the CDC, from 2000 to 2012. In 2013, testing for the JCV antibody began at the CDC, and the number of human cases reported increased to 22 in one year! From 2014 to 2016, between 11 to 15 cases were reported each year; however, JVC is likely endemic through most of the United States. It is thought to be under-recognized in the U.S. and Canada because most cases are asymptomatic (showing no symptoms). The lack of awareness can be concerning for individuals who may be more susceptible to the disease, such as the young, elderly, and those with a compromised immune system.

*Data points obtained from www.cdc.gov

How Are Individuals Affected by Jamestown Canyon Virus?

JCV is transmitted during the summer by a few different mosquito species within the United States and Canada. As far as the severity of the disease goes, about 68% of reported cases to the CDC have been considered neuroinvasive (capable of infecting the nervous system). That is a little higher than WNV but lower than La Crosse encephalitis or Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE). The disease onset time and symptoms are similar to that of WNV. A person might develop a sore throat, rash, fever, vomiting, and/or nausea 2 days to 2 weeks after being bitten. Just like many other arboviruses, JCV can cause meningitis or meningoencephalitis. At this time, along with other arboviral diseases, there is no treatment for JCV.

A wife in New Hampshire watched her husband battle unknown health complications, and he ultimately passed from encephalitis in June of 2018. A month prior to his death, test results showed evidence of Jamestown Canyon virus and his family wonders if the virus was the leading contributor. With so many unknowns and the medical community still learning about the virus, additional research and education continue on JCV.

Can You Avoid Jamestown Canyon Virus Transmission?

It is important to become familiar with symptoms of vector-borne diseases that have been documented in your region, especially for individuals who work or spend a lot of recreational time outdoors when vectors are active. The best way to keep from contracting mosquito-borne disease is local vector management measures and personal protection efforts. So what CAN people do to protect themselves from mosquito bites, and contracting Jamestown Canyon virus? It sounds simple and obvious, but avoid being bitten.

When outside during dusk or dawn, try to wear loose-fitting, long-sleeve, light-colored clothing. Also, use an EPA-approved mosquito repellent on exposed skin. When you are in your yard, take a look around at items that can hold water. Mosquitoes will lay eggs in a receptacle as small as a plastic bottle cap. Inspect tires, gardening items, sporting equipment, bird baths, clogged gutters, and low areas in your yard. An area or object that can hold water for more than 4 days can be a potential breeding site for mosquitoes.

Community leaders and mosquito management professionals continue to research and implement efforts to protect public health – but everyone can play a role. By practicing source reduction on your property to prevent larval habitats and taking personal protection measures to prevent mosquito bites, you are aiding in the reduction of mosquito populations and reducing the risk of mosquito-borne disease.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Prevention Strategies:

Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Mosquito Control Services: Integrated Management Matters

Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) is a term that everyone in the field of public health mosquito and vector-borne disease control is familiar with. The American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) defines IMM as, “a comprehensive mosquito prevention and control strategy that utilizes all available mosquito control methods, either singly or in combination, to exploit the known vulnerabilities of mosquitoes to reduce their numbers while maintaining a quality environment.” This definition describes what Integrated Mosquito Management is, but why is IMM the best practice for controlling mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases?

What is Integrated Mosquito Management? Watch to Learn More!

As the definition states, the goal of any IMM program is the reduction of mosquito populations through the use of environmentally sound methods. As such, the best way to achieve this goal is through the combined use of whichever strategies and tactics are available for each individual IMM program. Because of the great variety of mosquito species and habitats, mosquito-borne diseases, local nuisance tolerances, program budgets, and pesticide use preferences throughout the world, it is important that each individual IMM program has the flexibility to use the combination of methods that will best accomplish their specific mosquito control needs. An effective Integrated Mosquito Management program will use some combination of the following principles to accomplish its specific goals:

Larval and Adult Mosquito Surveillance (including disease testing)
Source Reduction and Physical Control through Habitat Manipulation
Larval Mosquito Control
Adult Mosquito Control (including efficacy and pesticide resistance testing)
Public Education and Outreach

Species and Habitat Diversity

With more than 3,000 mosquito species in the world, and over 175 in the United States alone, it is easy to understand why integrating these principles and practices is important to the success of a mosquito abatement program. Different mosquito species have different preferences for everything from larval habitat to host species to peak activity period. Therefore, there is not an effective single strategy for controlling all species across all geographies. By using scientific information about the local mosquito species’ preferences, managers can decide which principles and practices will provide the best control of the mosquitoes in their particular area.

Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, West Nile virus, Zika virus, and Heartworm disease, are a major concern for public health professionals because these diseases cause widespread illness in both people and animals, as well as hundreds of thousands of deaths, every year. Once again, different mosquito species cause different problems because they can transmit different diseases. As such, designing and implementing an IMM program that utilizes the most effective tactics to control the specific species that carry the specific diseases of concern in an area is the best way to help reduce their transmission to both people and animals.

Local Nuisance Tolerance

The local tolerance for nuisance mosquitoes is also an important consideration when determining what IMM principles should be integrated into a mosquito control program. Some residents may not want to see a single mosquito in their neighborhood all summer, while other people are either less bothered by biting mosquitoes or live in an area where it is simply not possible to eliminate them all. IMM program managers must then decide which mosquito control strategies and tactics will allow them to create an environment acceptable to local residents. While it’s often not possible to please everyone, choosing the best combination of IMM principles to integrate into their program will yield the best results and satisfy the most people.

Budget Limitations

For most IMM programs the ultimate goal is a practical reduction of the local mosquito populations based upon their budget. Quite often, designing a program that integrates as many of the primary IMM principles as possible is limited by the available financial resources. While a larger budget will usually allow for the integration of more components into a successful IMM program, the strategic use of less expensive practices can still yield good results and provide an effective IMM program. Surveillance and public education, for example, are some of the less expensive components of an IMM program, and, depending upon the circumstances, they can provide both information about mosquito populations and disease threats. In addition, public education can protect residents by teaching them about personal protection measures. This can include how to reduce mosquito habitat around their homes and reduce the risk of being bitten by proactively using repellents, wearing proper clothing, and avoiding peak mosquito activity periods.

Environmental Impact

Finally, one of the primary goals of Integrated Mosquito Management is maintaining a healthy ecosystem. Everyone who works in mosquito and vector control understands the need to minimize any environmental impacts of our programs. By intelligently integrating as many of the principles and practices as possible into a responsible IMM program, any possible negative impacts on the environment will be greatly reduced or even eliminated.

These are just some examples of why Integrated Mosquito Management is the preferred strategy for operating a mosquito and mosquito-borne disease abatement program. By using a well-considered combination of scientifically based, environmentally sound principles and practices, mosquito control managers can tailor their management programs to fit the specific needs in their community and gain the best possible reduction in the local mosquito populations.

VDCI is committed to public education and spreading awareness throughout the U.S. about the dangers of mosquito-borne diseases and their preventability, with the overarching goal of reducing illness and fatality statistics in 2018. Our dedicated and experienced team works tirelessly to prevent the spread of mosquito-borne diseases in all of the contracts we service. If you would like more information about any aspect of an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) Plan, including mosquito surveillance, disease testing, adult control, or aerial applications, please contact Vector Disease Control International (VDCI), and we will help you get started immediately.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Prevention Strategies:

Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, military bases, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective integrated tick and mosquito management. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our tick and mosquito management professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated tick and mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to mosquito aerial application in emergency response situations.

Industry Partnerships: Opportunities to Learn and Grow

Meeting with Leaders In Mosquito Management

The 84th Annual Meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) took place in Kansas City, MO. The Association’s president, Wayne Gale, brought attention to the meeting’s ability to bring together the industry to share experiences, discoveries, and challenges. A portion of AMCA’s mission highlights the goal to, “… provide leadership, information and education leading to the enhancement of health and quality of life through the suppression of mosquitoes.…”

VDCI is incredibly proud of the way our team continues to reinforce AMCA’s mission, with their dedication to expanding their knowledge of mosquito management by partnering with experts across the industry. It brings us joy to share a few examples, of collaboration and supporting the future of mosquito control, that were discussed or were on display during the 2018 Annual Meeting.

Environmental Conditions and Mosquito-Borne Disease

Dr. Broox Boze prepared a poster presentation focusing on the role of birds and climate change in predicting West Nile virus outbreaks in Northern Colorado. This collaborative project was funded by the National Center for Atmospheric Research and highlights the important role of drought and other environmental factors affecting environmental and human health.

West Nile Virus Detection

One of the week’s symposiums offered insight into the use of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) in Arbovirus Detection (a group of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods). Two of the symposium presentations included collaborative work with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Dr. Daniel Markowski, VDCI’s VP of Operations. The research used a novel assay to detect West Nile virus in mosquito pools as part of a county public health mosquito management program in Ohio. Along with a team from the CDC, the surveillance and disease monitoring efforts were supported by VDCI’s Regional Director, Cristina Flores and Contract Manager, Theodore Green.

Resistance Monitoring in the Delta

Regional Director, Kris New and Contract Managers, Kellie Nestrud and Mi’Shayla Johnson, alongside Dr. Boze, completed work on insecticide resistance monitoring in both Mississippi and Louisiana. Playing an active role in understanding the mosquito species in a given area, and what control efforts are most meaningful, is a subject our team takes seriously. The group’s role was a piece of a larger research project lead by the CDC. VDCI’s efforts were recognized in both oral and poster presentations by colleagues at the CDC. The poster that focused on the evaluation of Culex quinquefasciatus in Louisiana received the 2nd place award (Great work, Milena!).

Emergency Response Perspective

The moment that mosquito control is elevated to an Emergency Response mission, public health leaders at the local, state, and federal level call on service contractors and chemical suppliers as well as the military to support response needs. The panel discussion From Chaos to Calm: Mosquito Control Response to Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria was comprised of seven individuals providing perspectives from each of the areas mentioned. VDCI’s Dr. Daniel Markowski discussed how our team prepared and executed mosquito response plans on the ground and in the air – stressing the importance of maintaining clear channels of communication with public health leaders, suppliers, and local officials throughout each mission. Responding to large-scale mosquito outbreaks is never easy. However, with the combined efforts of our partners in the industry, we were able to mobilize our staff and give residents and first responders in each state relief from the billions of mosquitoes that resulted from the floodwaters. According to Dr. Markowski, “This was VDCI’s 12th hurricane event that we’ve responded to. In every one, you realize that the team we have makes the long days and insane work hours bearable.” VDCI is proud to help the people in Texas and Florida, but hope they never see hurricanes on this scale again.

AMCA Young Professionals (YP)

Whether as a professional or a student, the AMCA YP group welcomes individuals starting their career (less than 5 years) in the mosquito industry. Along with several other organizations, VDCI enjoys sponsoring an individual to attend the Annual Meeting and partake in the week-long agenda the association creates specifically for the YPs. With VDCI headquarters located in Little Rock, AR – it was exciting to learn our 2018 YP was also our neighbor!

David Theuret is beginning his career as a Public Health Entomologist for the Arkansas Department of Health. Mr. Theuret provided a recap of his time at AMCA saying, “The 2018 AMCA meeting was an amazing experience. Partnering with VDCI through the Industry Shadowing Program allowed me to take full advantage of all of the opportunities to learn and network at this meeting, and I am grateful for their support. The research presented provided a clear sense of direction for future projects to improve the program in Arkansas; including emergency vector control response following natural disasters, innovative methods of community outreach, and invasion of new mosquito species such as Culex coronator. Networking with experts and speaking with my fellow young professionals was wonderful, both personally and professionally. They have reinvigorated my excitement about continuing to work and grow in this field, and I can’t wait to see everyone next year!”

Supporting the Future

The YP Association held an auction during the Annual Meeting. The activity was an exciting way to raise funds for future YP programs, and Dr. Broox Boze was happy to support the auction by donating a stained-glass mosquito masterpiece. What began as a creative hobby in high school has found its way into many chapters of the scientist’s life. Thank you to Dr. Boze and the winner of her art! Both of your contributions have supported the future leaders in our industry.

As a result of this year’s meeting, the VDCI Team is actively working on ideas, challenges, and partnerships to aid in the ongoing mission to protect public health. We remain vigilant in our efforts, and look forward to the listening and participating at the 2019 meeting in Orlando, Florida. We hope to see all of our friends and partners there!

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Management Strategies:

Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

2017 Mosquito-Borne Disease Year in Review

Exploring Mosquito-Borne Diseases In the U.S.

In 2017, the scientific community, the public, and the press maintained their interest in the Zika virus outbreak of 2016. Articles surfaced on the potential long-term health complications attributed to contracting the virus. The public received extra education on personal protective measures to reduce the spread of Zika. And the scientific community reviewed trusted and experimental methods to prevent future outbreaks.

In addition to Mother Nature bringing new mosquito-related problems to Texas and Florida last year, in the floodwaters left by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, both states reported the only locally-acquired U.S. cases of Zika virus for the second year in a row.

There were several mosquito-borne diseases reported in the United States in 2017. In this blog, we will focus on: West Nile Virus (WNV), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), and Zika. WNV remains the most common virus transmitted by mosquitoes to humans in the U.S. as well as responsible for taking the highest number of human lives.

All of the data points in this post were obtained from the Center for Disease Control (CDC)’s website as of 02/13/2018.

West Nile Virus (WNV)

47 out of 50 states and the District of Columbia have reported West Nile virus infections in people, birds, or mosquitoes in 2017. Overall, 2,002 cases of WNV were reported in humans, and there were 121 (6%) confirmed deaths in 2017. While this data shows a decrease in the number of human cases reported in 2016 (2,149), it also brings attention to the increase in lives lost, when compared to the 106 (5%) confirmed deaths in 2016. The states reporting the highest number of WNV disease cases* in 2017 include:

California: 509 cases, 28 deaths
Texas: 133 cases, 5 deaths

Arizona: 109 cases, 8 deaths

Illinois: 87 cases, 5 deaths

South Dakota: 73 cases, 4 deaths

Georgia did not report as many WNV cases (47) as several other areas of the country; however, the state reported one of the highest numbers (7) of confirmed lives lost as a result of the virus.

*Numbers combine Neuroinvasive Disease Cases and Non-neuroinvasive Disease Cases

WNV is typically transmitted to humans by mosquitoes that have previously fed upon an infected bird. While over 150 species of mosquitoes have been known to carry WNV, the main vector species in the U.S. are Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus. These mosquitoes are all active at night, and most cases of infection occur during the summer months. Approximately 20% of people affected by WNV will experience flu-like symptoms including fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain, and swollen lymph glands. Other symptoms may include a stiff neck, rash, sleepiness or disorientation. Less than 1% of those infected will develop West Nile Encephalitis or Meningitis, which can lead to coma, tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and even death.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on West Nile virus.

Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)

Eastern equine encephalitis, also referred to as EEE or Triple E, is a rare but deadly illness for humans. Thankfully, only a few human cases of EEE are reported in the U.S. each year. The CDC sites that an average of 7 cases of EEE were reported annually in the U.S. from 2007 – 2016. In 2016, there were 7 reported human cases of EEE and 3 of those cases were fatal. As of January 9, 2018, there were 3 human cases of EEE reported to the CDC in 2017.

The reason EEE is less common in humans is that the primary mosquito vector (Culiseta melanura), does not typically feed on humans. It is believed that EEE virus is mainly transmitted to humans and horses by bridge vectors that have contracted the virus by feeding on infected birds. Symptoms typically occur four to ten days after a bite from an infected mosquito and include fever, headache, vomiting, muscle aches, joint pain, and fatigue. In rare cases, infection occurs in the brain and spinal cord leading to sudden high fever, stiff neck, disorientation, seizures, and coma. The mortality rate of those that develop EEE is about 33%, the highest among human arboviruses (a virus transmitted by arthropod vectors) cases reported in the U.S. The disease is also a concern for horses. There is a vaccine available for horses, and horse owners are encouraged to discuss an on-going vaccination schedule with their veterinarians. Currently, there is no human vaccine for EEE.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on EEE virus.

Zika Virus (ZIKV)

In 2017, within the United States, there were 4 ZIKV cases of local mosquito-borne transmission, 5 cases acquired via sexual transmission, and 409 travel-associated cases reported to the CDC. The 4 local cases were from Florida (2) and Texas (2), the same states that reported the only local cases in 2016 (Florida: 218 and Texas: 6).

U.S. Territories reported a total of 636 local cases in 2017, a dramatic decrease from the previous year. In 2016, U.S. Territories reported close to 36,000 cases of Zika virus that were likely acquired through local mosquito-borne transmission. VDCI partnered with the CDC in several U.S. territories in 2016 to help combat the spread of Zika virus.

Many individuals learned about Zika during the outbreaks in South and North America; however, the virus was first discovered in 1947 in the Zika Forest of Uganda. In the Americas, it has only been linked to transmission by Aedes aegypti or the Yellow Fever mosquito. Ae. aegypti is also responsible for the transmission of dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and chikungunya virus. In Africa, the virus was detected in Aedes albopictus or the Asian tiger mosquito; hence, it is possible that Ae. albopictus could vector the virus in the Americas.

When symptoms occur, they typically begin with a mild headache and fever. Within a day or two, a maculopapular rash may appear and can cover many parts of the body. Following the rash, people generally report continued fever, malaise, and body aches. Other symptoms can include diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and dizziness. Treatment for symptoms includes hydration, rest, and the use of acetaminophen to relieve fever. If a pregnant woman is infected with Zika virus, it may result in microcephaly, a birth defect causing underdevelopment of the head and brain in newborn children. Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for ZIKV.

To learn more about the symptoms, treatment, and mosquito species that vector this virus, visit our educational page on Zika virus.

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Prevention Strategies:

Since 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Category: Public Education

Building A Comprehensive Integrated Mosquito Management Program

Mosquito Surveillance & Disease Testing

Public Education

Larval Mosquito Control Programs

Adult Mosquito Control Programs

Contact Our Integrated Mosquito Management Experts

Remove Mosquito Breeding Habitats & Use Personal Protection Strategies

What Attracts Mosquitoes to Us?

Why Do Female Mosquitoes Bite Us?

When Do Mosquitoes Bite Us?

Where Are Mosquitoes Found?

What Can Homeowners Do to Reduce the Risk of Mosquito Bites?

Below are some tips to help reduce larval habitat and adult harborage areas, prevent mosquitoes from entering your property, and personal protection measures to consider when you are outdoors.

Mosquito Prevention Checklist: Follow the 4Ds

Understand Existing Mosquito Management Efforts in Your Community

Explore the Mosquito-Borne Diseases Reported In Your Region

Monitoring Real-Time U.S. Mosquito-Borne Disease Activity

Discover the Changes In Mosquito Behaviors

Utilizing New Technologies to Protect Public Health

Fighting Insecticide Resistance with Next-Generation Insecticides

New Odors to Attract and Repel Mosquitoes

Robotics, Gene Sequencing, and Cloud Computing to Detect Diseases Early

Releasing Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia Bacteria

A Gut Feeling to Blocking Diseases

The Future

Deep Dive Into Common Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Malaria: The World's Deadliest Mosquito-Borne Disease has a History in the U.S.

What Diseases Do Mosquitoes Carry in the USA?

What is Mosquito-Borne Encephalitis?

West Nile Virus: #1 Mosquito-Borne Disease Threat in the U.S.

Chikungunya: A Human Virus

Dengue Virus: Enjoying Urban Environments

Heartworm Disease: Infecting Our Four-Legged Friends

Mosquitoes: Abundant and Problematic

Exploring the Impact of Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Is Jamestown Canyon Virus Common?

How Are Individuals Affected by Jamestown Canyon Virus?

Can You Avoid Jamestown Canyon Virus Transmission?

What is Integrated Mosquito Management? Watch to Learn More!

Species and Habitat Diversity

Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Local Nuisance Tolerance

Budget Limitations

Environmental Impact

Contact Us to Learn More About Effective Mosquito Prevention Strategies:

Meeting with Leaders In Mosquito Management

Environmental Conditions and Mosquito-Borne Disease

West Nile Virus Detection

Resistance Monitoring in the Delta

Emergency Response Perspective

AMCA Young Professionals (YP)

Supporting the Future

Exploring Mosquito-Borne Diseases In the U.S.

West Nile Virus (WNV)

Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)

Zika Virus (ZIKV)