Case Study: Emergency Mosquito Control In California

Climate Change and Mosquito Control: The Effect of Atmospheric River Events and California’s Central Valley

Atmospheric rivers, often referred to as “rivers in the sky,” are narrow swaths of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere that can stretch for thousands of miles, capable of moving as much water as 15 Mississippi Rivers. These powerful weather phenomena play a significant role in the distribution of water vapor and are responsible for a large portion of precipitation in the western United States. However, climate change is enabling atmospheric rivers to carry more moisture and occur more frequently. Their hurricane-like conditions can cause devastating floods and landslides, but many people do not know the intricate relationship between atmospheric rivers and mosquito-related emergencies. 

Though typically known for its wildfires and droughts, atmospheric rivers have intensified in California over the last 5 years. The state’s response to atmospheric river events in 2023 offers valuable insights into the challenges and lessons learned in managing mosquito populations and mitigating disease risks following weather disasters.

What are atmospheric rivers?

Atmospheric rivers uptake and transport heat and moisture from the tropics to the poles. When multiple atmospheric rivers occurred over California in early 2023, increased moisture led to record-high snowpack in the mountains. The statewide snow accumulation surpassed average levels by 237%, enough to bury chair lifts at many ski resorts. However, a heatwave weeks later triggered rapid melting of the snowpack, overwhelming flood management systems and causing widespread flooding. Subsequently, only 8.5% of the state remained classified under severe, extreme, or exceptional drought, down from 94% in September 2022.

Even though 66,692 acre-feet of water were redirected from Tulare Lake to recharge basins and aqueducts, flooding persisted. Consequently, the once-historic lake grew to approximately 114,000 acres. SOURCE: NASA

The state quickly assisted local agencies by diverting excess water from populated areas, but the sheer volume surpassed preparedness measures, leading to a Major Disaster Declaration by the President on April 4th. While FEMA provided essential aid, shelters, and equipment to rebuild, another concern began to emerge: the proliferation of nuisance and disease-carrying mosquitoes. 

After a natural disaster, mosquitoes are usually not top of mind for states, municipalities, and community leaders. But in the following weeks, mosquito eggs that were previously laid by floodwater mosquitoes in moist soil areas began to hatch. Container-breeding mosquitoes began reproducing in standing water in outdoor debris and containers like gutters, buckets, plant saucers, and ornamental ponds. Though many mosquito species that appear after storms don’t pose an immediate disease threat, nuisance populations impeded recovery efforts and had the potential to become disease vectors if left unmanaged.

How Mosquito Problems Develop After Natural Disasters

In June 2023, VDCI was contracted to begin executing emergency response efforts, which included surveillance, disease testing, and insecticide applications.   Both larval and adult mosquito control strategies were utilized in response to the data collected.   

As exemplified by this disaster, climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of weather events, from atmospheric rivers to storms and hurricanes. While coastal regions receive the most attention, inland areas are also vulnerable to weather and mosquito-related emergencies. This underscores the importance of emergency preparedness, no matter where you are located.

Effective Emergency Response Planning

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Severe weather emergencies often catch us off guard, but proactive measures taken in advance can facilitate rapid response to mosquito-related issues and enhance communication among stakeholders and the public. With the guidance of an experienced mosquito management partner, leaders can meticulously prepare emergency contingency plans, allowing them to focus on other pressing matters when crises occur.

Challenges That Decision-Makers Face

One of the key challenges that decision-makers face during mosquito-related emergencies is the complexity of coordinating various stakeholders, including industry partners, state entomologists, and local entities. Jurisdiction for mosquito control varies widely across regions and states. For instance, local health agencies hold authority in 16 states, while local governing bodies (e.g., city, county, or municipality) oversee it in eight. Additionally, 31 states have statutes allowing special districts or programs to be established for mosquito control. Clarifying these responsibilities ahead of time not only prevents confusion, but also presents a unified front when tackling the emergency.

Moreover, funding concerns can pose significant obstacles following severe weather events. With emergency response budgets stretched thin by post-storm challenges, securing adequate funding for mosquito control efforts creates additional pressure. Urgent needs such as restoring power and clearing roads tend to be prioritized over less imminent problems, so allocating funds in advance can help ensure resources are readily available for mosquito control, rather than scrambling to locate funds at the eleventh hour.

In addition, a mosquito management partner can offer assistance in accessing FEMA funds following a storm. Districts seeking federal aid for mosquito control must prove the need for emergency mosquito suppression. Establishing a comprehensive mosquito abatement program before disasters occur enhances the likelihood of securing this funding. Districts equipped with baseline data from routine surveillance and disease testing can more effectively showcase the surge in mosquito populations, justifying the allocation of funds. 

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Proactive surveillance also allows professionals to map the physical characteristics of the region, identifying areas that may pose accessibility issues during a disaster, contain endangered species, or be most vulnerable to flooding. After emergency conditions have passed, experts will resume mosquito surveillance and laboratory analyses to verify the effectiveness of their efforts. The gathered data is then disseminated to pertinent authorities and stakeholders.

As climate change escalates the frequency and intensity of weather emergencies nationwide, California’s response to the 2023 atmospheric river events offers valuable lessons in mosquito control and public health preparedness, highlighting the importance of proactive planning, collaboration, and communication.  

Contact Our Experts

Complete the form below or call us at 800-413-4445 to speak to an expert about your mosquito management needs.

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

The Two Types of Mosquito Emergency Response Planning

Mosquito-Related Emergencies Demand Attention and Concern

Large populations of mosquitoes can become a serious nuisance and create public health risks, underscoring the critical need for swift intervention. However, waiting until after a crisis is declared to determine a course of action can impede decision-making and delay response and recovery efforts. By understanding the various types of emergencies and engaging in proactive planning, communities can effectively mobilize and respond promptly when these challenging events arise.

Types of Mosquito-Related Emergencies

Mosquito-related emergencies typically fall into two categories: those influenced by weather conditions, such as major storms and flooding, and those characterized by heightened risks of disease transmission.

Disease Transmission Outbreaks

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This type of emergency occurs when mosquito-borne diseases become more prevalent due to existing or newly introduced mosquito species or arboviruses. These disease outbreaks are usually triggered by ecological changes in the environment, including urbanization, international travel, or global trade. For example, Aedes albopictus eggs were inadvertently transported to California through lucky bamboo plants and to Houston through infested retread tires. Today, the species is one of the most challenging to control and is capable of transmitting diseases, including West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, and several forms of encephalitis. 

Weather-Related Emergencies

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The second type of emergency occurs due to environmental factors such as natural disasters or major flooding events. The warm temperatures, humidity, and water that is left behind after a storm can lead to a surge in mosquito populations. Coastal regions typically focus on hurricane preparedness, but it’s important to note that inland areas are also susceptible to mosquito-related weather emergencies. Nuisance mosquito populations can significantly impede recovery efforts and create additional stress for people displaced from their homes. Though they may not begin spreading diseases until weeks or months following a storm, adult mosquitoes become increasingly susceptible to contracting and transmitting diseases if not controlled.

Emergency Response

No matter the type of mosquito-related emergency, each requires specific protocols and collaboration among numerous government agencies. In an emergency event, public health officials draft a written request to their state’s Governor or Tribal Chief Executive, prompting them to seek a declaration from the President. This declaration is contingent upon CDC-verified data confirming the severity of the mosquito-related threat. Upon declaration, mosquito abatement operations commence in adherence to federal, state, and local laws. 

During rapid response operations, aerial fleets and ground crews are mobilized to administer EPA-registered insecticides, ensuring thorough coverage across the affected region. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service align to verify compliance for pesticide application aircraft and drones, and monitor the welfare of humans, wildlife, and sensitive environments in treated areas. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) spearheads the federal response and manages reimbursement for recovery efforts. 

To assess the effectiveness of these mosquito control endeavors, trapping and disease testing data are collected in the subsequent days and weeks, then compared to pre-emergency surveillance data to ensure effective control. 

Planning Ahead

Effective response to disease outbreaks and weather-related emergencies relies on thorough preparation and communication. It is crucial to have contingency plans and procedures in place that govern product types, equipment, and communication channels while taking into account financial obligations and unexpected challenges. By coordinating ahead of time, efficient and unbiased action can be taken as soon as a severe storm is forecasted or a public health emergency is declared. 

Emergency response planning involves identifying key contacts and securing funding sources, fostering collaboration between local and federal agencies to establish a cohesive communication network. Ongoing coordination with government leaders and organizations also includes public education. Involving residents and stakeholders raises awareness about mosquito disease risks and the need for personal protection. Additionally, community engagement promotes cooperation in eliminating breeding sites and other preventive measures. 

Establishing action thresholds is crucial for maximizing funding, optimizing product use, and preventing insecticide resistance. Action thresholds serve as specific data points signaling a threat to public health and should be set before an emergency occurs. Once these predetermined thresholds for mosquito populations or disease presence are exceeded, mosquito control measures are implemented. Through mosquito surveillance using specialized traps and lab tests, professionals can monitor mosquito populations and disease presence, establishing a baseline for management decisions during crises. 

Proactive aerial mapping aids teams in identifying dangerous or inaccessible areas across the region, ensuring heightened vigilance during rapid response missions. It’s also essential to confirm that personnel have the correct licenses and permits for pesticide use and the operation of equipment, helping to ensure that emergency operations meet all necessary standards. 

Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM)

One of the most impactful ways to avoid mosquito-related emergencies is through an ongoing management approach. VDCI’s Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) programs help support safe, healthy communities by incorporating surveillance and disease testing, insecticide resistance monitoring, adult and larval mosquito control, and public education. 

Through our proprietary database, government leaders can access real-time information about mosquito populations, behavior, and disease prevalence. This empowers them to make informed decisions regarding the timing, location, and methods for mosquito control, well before emergency status is reached.

By implementing comprehensive plans, allocating budgets, gathering baseline data, establishing action thresholds, and much more, government leaders can help their communities avoid or respond rapidly to mosquito-related emergencies. 

Contact Our Experts

Complete the form below or call us at 800-413-4445 to speak to an expert about your mosquito management needs.

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Mosquito Control Emergency Response Planning

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Emergency Response Mosquito Control Preparation

The need for comprehensive emergency response planning has never been more critical. In an era marked by increasingly unpredictable natural disasters, from hurricanes and major flooding events to wildfires, preparedness has become the cornerstone of successful emergency response. For example, after a landfalling hurricane, mosquito populations can skyrocket due to extensive standing water left from flooding and warm temperatures. The planning process can be complex and must be tailored to the unique needs, budget, and location of the state or municipality to ensure government leaders can initiate a well-coordinated response when emergencies arise.

Early Stages of Emergency Planning

Effective emergency response planning starts with identifying key points of contact and securing funding sources. In this phase, various agencies at local and federal levels collaborate to establish a vital cohesive network of communication. Experienced vector control companies like VDCI can help facilitate this process by establishing effective communication protocols, and can also play a vital role in public awareness campaigns, educating the community, and supporting agencies in crisis management.

Action Thresholds and Predictive Science

Establishing action thresholds is another crucial part of the planning process. By determining acceptable mosquito levels and specific markers to initiate intervention mosquito control strategies, stakeholders can help maximize and leverage funding, reduce unnecessary insecticide use, and prevent insecticide resistance.

In some cases, emergency response planning may also involve predictive science. Meteorological predictions based on forecasting and historical weather data can help professionals develop preemptive response strategies. This helps communities stay vigilant and prepared, particularly in anticipation of natural disasters.

Predictive Modeling and Regional Considerations

Experts may also use a methodological approach to forecast mosquito population dynamics and potential disease outbreaks. For example, predictive mosquito modeling has been used to accurately forecast St. Louis encephalitis outbreaks by evaluating precipitation, temperature, and bird migrations. Birds play a notable role in the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, and their nesting behaviors can influence the potential for disease outbreaks.

While coastal regions are frequently in the spotlight for hurricane preparedness, it’s crucial to recognize that emergency response plans should extend far beyond these areas. Inland regions are also vulnerable to natural disasters, making tailored plans for different scenarios essential. Heavy precipitation in California serves as a stark example. In 2023, the state experienced record-breaking rainfall, leading to fertile breeding grounds for disease-carrying mosquitoes.

Adapting Plans for Various Regions

This showcases the far-reaching consequences of natural disasters and the need for adaptable plans to apply across different regions. Nonetheless, in most cases, emergency preparation involves detailed mapping of a region’s physical attributes to determine which areas are most susceptible to becoming mosquito breeding grounds and to identify potential accessibility challenges. Utilizing specialized traps, laboratory tests, and advanced technology like drones, experts can also monitor mosquito activity and population dynamics. This data informs decision-making during emergencies.

Equipment Preparedness and Post-Disaster Surveillance

airplane-vdci

Additionally, storm progress will be closely monitored and all equipment, including trucks, aircraft, drones, and Ultra Low-Volume (ULV) pesticide applicators, will be maintained and prepared for deployment once authorization has been granted. Aircraft pilots can treat up to 30,000 acres in a single evening, and ground crews can cover approximately 3,000 acres in areas where aerial applications may not be suitable, such as ecologically sensitive habitats or residential communities.

Once emergency conditions have subsided, professionals will resume mosquito surveillance and laboratory analyses to confirm that mosquito populations have been effectively managed – with the ultimate goal of safeguarding the public and supporting relief workers as they work to restore power, clean roads, manage flooding, repair infrastructure, and aid injured and displaced citizens. The collected data is then shared with relevant authorities and stakeholders to ensure that all objectives are achieved.

Be Proactive and Prepared with An Emergency Response Plan

As we look ahead to 2024 and beyond, it’s important to remember that natural disasters and disease outbreaks are bound by few geographical boundaries. This reinforces the need for proactive planning through communication, forecasting, and data collection. If your community does not have an emergency response plan in place, contact us to learn how VDCI can help you prepare for the unexpected.

Contact Us to Build Your Mosquito Management Program:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

The Top 5 Mosquito Management Articles of 2023

Mosquito Control Tips & Educational Resources

We know how difficult it can be to manage mosquitoes. Effective mosquito management requires science-backed solutions, data collection, and knowledge from entomologists, biologists, environmental health specialists, and vector management experts. That’s why we produce educational articles to help you understand the fundamentals of mosquito management so that you can make informed decisions regarding your community’s mosquito management program.

This year’s educational blogs covered various topics including emergency response planning, understanding action thresholds, personal protection tips for citizens, and more. Below are the top articles you found the most interesting and informative in 2023!

Aerial Mosquito Spraying and How We Make It Safe​

Mosquitoes pose one of the most significant threats to public health which is why they require careful monitoring and management to prevent the spread of dangerous diseases like West Nile virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, and Zika. When mosquito populations reach an unacceptable level or a disease outbreak occurs, aerial mosquito spraying is often required. Discover how aerial mosquito spraying fits into an Integrated Mosquito Management program and how we make our application safe and effective.

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VDCI’s Guide to Helping You Educate Community Members About Mosquitoes

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One of the most important aspects of mosquito management is public education. When citizens understand how mosquito-borne diseases spread, the habitats in which mosquitoes breed, and ways they can protect themselves from bites, they can help limit the dangerous impact of mosquitoes. In addition, when community members are educated on their local mosquito control efforts, the program has a greater chance of long-term success. Discover how to strengthen your mosquito management program and keep your citizens safe with this public education guide.

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Mosquito Natural Disaster Response: Are You Prepared for the Big Storm?

Severe weather can be devastating to our communities, bringing heavy rain and flooding, damaging infrastructure, displacing people from their homes, and creating conditions that promote overwhelming mosquito populations. Luckily, government leaders can prepare for abundant mosquito populations by building an emergency response plan. Discover how to build a contingency plan and explore the benefits of partnering with a professional mosquito management company that can help you navigate post-storm mosquito problems.

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3 Mosquito Surveillance Techniques Professionals Utilize

Surveillance is one of the most important aspects of an Integrated Mosquito Management program. When you have a deep understanding of the local mosquito population, you can implement the appropriate control measures in the right place, at the right time. Collecting and analyzing data should occur during mosquitoes’ various life stages: egg, larval, pupae, and adult. Learn about the three types of surveillance techniques and how professionals utilize the data to optimize mosquito management strategies.

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Deep Dive Into A Mosquito Laboratory

Mosquito laboratories play a critical role in every step of the management process, from building Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) programs and emergency response plans to keeping the public informed about mosquito activity. We believe that everyone deserves peace of mind while enjoying the outdoors, which is why we use laboratory testing and data collection to drive safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly IMM programs. Discover what goes on behind the scenes in a professional mosquito laboratory.

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Create Safe, Enjoying Outdoor Spaces for Citizens

Family camping mosquito-free

Protecting public health is our top mission at VDCI. We want to help government leaders like you create effective and safe mosquito management programs that keep nuisance mosquito populations under control while also protecting citizens from the potential transmission of dangerous diseases. Are you ready to build an Integrated Mosquito Management program? Contact us today to get started.

What to explore our other educational blogs? Click here.

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Grasping the Concept of Action Thresholds in Mosquito Control

setting-mosquito-adult-mosquito-trap

Understanding Action Thresholds in Mosquito Management

Mosquitoes are a nuisance and one of the leading vectors of deadly diseases. EPA-registered insecticides are an effective and essential tool as part of an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) program and used to combat mosquito populations, but they can be affected by limitations connected to budget constraints, environmental conditions, and insecticide resistance. Mosquito control professionals use action thresholds to meet the management goals of communities and maximize the impact of insecticides when and where they are needed. An action threshold refers to a predetermined level of mosquito, abundance, activity, or disease risk that, when reached, initiates carefully designed intervention procedures. Determining and understanding these action thresholds is crucial to ensure the success of management efforts and efficient collaboration between government entities, public health organizations, and local leaders. 

Surveillance data play a crucial role in establishing appropriate action thresholds. Data can be collected and analyzed over time to identify trends and potential challenges, allowing experts to evaluate real-time threat levels.

Mosquito Trapping: Techniques and Tools Used by Experts

Trapping adult mosquitoes is an instrumental part of the process. Experts may utilize a variety of traps, including CDC Light Traps, Gravid Traps, BG-Sentinel Traps, and others, depending on the behavior and reproductive methods of target mosquito species.

Mosquito Lab Analysis: Disease ID and Resistance Testing

Adult species are then brought to a professional laboratory for counting, disease identification, and insecticide resistance testing using CDC Bottle Bioassays.

Larval Monitoring: Data-Driven Decisions in Management

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Surveillance also involves larval habitat monitoring and insecticide resistance testing using Larval Cup Bioassays. This data-driven approach helps stakeholders make more informed decisions when setting action thresholds and selecting appropriate management strategies.

How Are Action Thresholds Determined?

As part of an IMM program, professionals monitor mosquito populations, species types, and the presence of disease in the area. Action thresholds serve as guidelines that dictate when and how interventions should be initiated. Thresholds are typically tailored to the objectives of the municipality or mosquito abatement district, but often center around mosquito population numbers or disease concentrations. They can also be adjusted over time based on goals, budget, or other factors. This flexibility helps ensure that management solutions remain effective over time.

Once the predetermined action threshold is met, stakeholders will initiate management efforts. This may involve insecticide applications via Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) sprayers from trucks or backpacks, or from drones and aircraft. If any diseases are identified through laboratory testing, this will be communicated to the public as well as part of the management program. Informing the public about the advantages of professional mosquito control, the importance of personal protective measures, and their role in preventing mosquitoes – such as eliminating sources of standing water – is crucial for the long-term results of management programs.

Assessing Mosquito Management Efforts with VDCI Data

Just as data collection is an essential part of establishing action thresholds, post-application assessments are necessary to evaluate the success of management efforts and determine if further action should be taken. This data may also be used to adjust action thresholds for future events. When partnering with VDCI, stakeholders can access real-time and historical data through VDCI’s proprietary database.

Action thresholds are at the core of successful mosquito management programs. By establishing appropriate thresholds based on population data or disease concentrations, and adapting them over time, stakeholders can limit insecticide resistance, optimize funds and resources, and ensure consistent communication across agencies and organizations.

Contact Us to Build Your Mosquito Management Program:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

3 Essential Facts to Understand About Mosquitoes Post-Hurricane

Community-Flooding

What You Need to Know About Mosquitoes After a Storm

Storms and hurricanes leave a trail of destruction in their wake, and communities look to government leaders to guide them through the recovery process. Unfortunately, many leaders overlook the impact of mosquitoes during this critical period. In order to enhance preparedness and ensure the safety of their citizens, it is crucial for government leaders to be aware of three key facts about mosquitoes. By understanding these facts, leaders can be better equipped to protect citizens and ensure a swift and efficient recovery process.

There Will Be a Lot of Mosquitoes​

Following a storm, exponential mosquito population growth can be expected. It’s not uncommon for the air to become so thick with mosquitoes that it is nearly impossible for recovery workers, medical teams, and volunteers to stay outside, slowing the restoration of power lines, roads, and infrastructure. Dense swarms can also create added stress for people displaced from their homes or living in temporary tents or shelters. Multiple genera may be present, including Aedes and Culex mosquitoes.

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Mosquitoes Can Hatch in Several Ways​

Mosquitoes reproduce in warm, wet habitats. Storms and hurricanes can create these ideal environmental conditions across entire regions. Floodwater mosquitoes such Aedes vexans  and Psorophora columbiae lay their eggs in the soil prior to a storm, sometimes years in advance. Standing water mosquitoes such as Culex pipiens and Culex tarsalis lay their eggs directly on the surface of standing water.  Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are container breeding mosquitoes meaning they lay their eggs on the sides of containers above the water line. The eggs hatch when rain or other water sources fill up items such as trash, debris, and outdoor objects like tarps, buckets, flower pots, and playground equipment.

The Threat of Disease is Not Imminent….But

While the threat of disease transmission may not be imminent, mosquitoes can significantly impede recovery efforts. And if management strategies are not implemented swiftly, it is possible for mosquitoes to begin spreading diseases in the weeks to months following the storm. Standing water Culex species, in particular, are a primary vector for West Nile virus (WNv) and Encephalitis. Container breeding Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are known to spread Dengue, and floodwater mosquitoes, Aedes vexans, can transmit heartworm to pets.

Managing the Threat

It’s easy to get caught up dealing with the most urgent safety and recovery needs following a storm, but the threat of mosquitoes must not be overlooked. Despite the unpredictable nature of natural disasters, government leaders have the ability to control mosquito surges through proactive planning. 

Through an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) program, community leaders and decision makers can create contingency plans with the support of companies like VDCI. This involves coordinating with key stakeholders and organizations to develop strategies that can be set in motion as soon as a storm is identified, helping to ensure efficient communication, access to FEMA funding, and rapid response. 

During rapid response missions, aerial fleets and ground crews are deployed to apply EPA-registered insecticides, ensuring comprehensive coverage across the region. In order to evaluate the success of these mosquito control efforts, trapping and disease testing information is collected over the following days and weeks, and compared to pre-storm data. 

Understanding the impact of mosquitoes after a hurricane is vital for government officials and community leaders. By being aware of the exponential growth in mosquito populations, the various ways mosquitoes hatch, and future disease threats, leaders can take proactive steps to manage and mitigate them before they get out of control. VDCI is committed to supporting officials throughout every step of the process, so they can focus on restoring safety and infrastructure in their communities. 

Contact Us to Build Your Emergency Response Plan:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Mosquito-Borne Disease Outbreaks: Ensure Eligibility for Federal Funding

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Your Guide to Prepare for a Mosquito-Borne Disease Outbreak

Mosquito-related emergencies can instill fear in the public and pose challenges for community leaders. Understanding the different types of emergencies and how to prepare for each one empowers communities to take timely action when they arise. 

There are two main types of public health emergencies related to mosquitoes: those influenced by weather and those connected to an increased risk of disease transmission. Weather-related emergencies happen when environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and rainfall patterns lead to a rise in mosquito populations or changes in the types of mosquitoes present. The second type occurs when there is a higher prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases caused by either existing or newly introduced species or arboviruses. When the number of infected mosquitoes rises significantly or when cases of human disease surge, public health experts may announce a state of emergency, as they did for the Zika outbreak in 2016.  

The Process of Declaring Mosquito-Related Public Health Emergencies: Protocols, Verification, and Response Initiatives

Mosquito-related public health emergencies are declared through specific processes. A written request can be made by a public health official to their state’s Governor or Tribal Chief Executive, who then asks the President to declare an emergency or major disaster. The declaration requires data confirming the existence of a mosquito-related public health threat, which is verified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Once declared, mosquito abatement operations can be initiated in compliance with all federal, state, and local laws.

Multiple agencies collaborate throughout this process. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) leads the federal response and coordinates reimbursement for recovery initiatives. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ensures compliance for aircraft and drones used to apply EPA-registered pesticides, and the U.S. Air Force, under the Department of Defense, can aid in applications if local mosquito control districts and private contract services require additional support. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service monitors the well-being of humans, wildlife, and sensitive environments in the targeted treatment areas.

10 Essential Steps for Effective Preparation in Mosquito-Borne Disease Outbreak Emergencies

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Effective management of mosquito-related public health emergencies relies on thorough preparation. Waiting until after a crisis is declared to determine a course of action can impede decision-making and delay recovery efforts. It is crucial to have comprehensive procedures in place that govern product types, equipment, and communication channels while taking into account financial obligations and unexpected challenges. By coordinating ahead of time, efficient and unbiased action can be taken as soon as a public health emergency is declared. Here are 10 steps to prepare for a mosquito-borne disease outbreak:

1. Create a plan

Time plays a central role following the declaration of a public health emergency. Having a clear action plan in place allows government leaders to respond quickly and direct their focus on other immediate responsibilities. Regular plan evaluations and exercises can help ensure its efficacy and allow for updates and improvements.

2. Dedicate a budget

Allocating funds for mosquito control emergencies is crucial as they can be extremely costly. There are systems in place at federal, state, and local levels to assist with expenses, but cost-sharing agreements are often required and funds may be denied. A budget should account for potential expenses associated with surveillance, mapping, applications, staff overtime, and other unexpected costs. Estimating a sufficient budget for pesticide application often involves creating maps, identifying high-density areas, and estimating specific costs per acre.

3. Negotiate contracts and cooperative agreements

Securing contracts before a mosquito-borne disease outbreak emergency saves time and eliminates the guesswork. It ensures that the necessary resources will be available, particularly if critical infrastructure is affected. Pre-negotiated contracts streamline the process and save money by fixing prices and designating responsibilities and communication channels. 

4. Choose mosquito control products

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To be eligible for FEMA reimbursement, the adulticide formulations that are used for public health emergencies must be approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and applied by licensed applicators in accordance with all regulations. When choosing products, consider factors like availability, active ingredients, efficacy data, formulation, application methods, and application rates. These considerations will help you make informed decisions and ensure your mosquito abatement efforts meet federal requirements.

5. Create maps

An essential part of the planning process is creating maps that will direct adulticide applications. Working with authorities in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can help government leaders design spray maps that identify areas with high population density and favorable mosquito habitats, and designate no-spray zones, such as areas with endangered species, organic farms, and apiaries.

6. Generate baseline surveillance data

Mosquito-surveillance

Reimbursement for emergency mosquito control often requires data to validate emergency conditions. Regular data collection does not have to be costly or complex; even communities with limited bandwidth can gather basic data. Setting up a single CDC Light Trap and recording mosquito population data on a weekly basis can provide sufficient baseline information.

7. Establish action thresholds

During the planning process, it’s important to establish thresholds that signal a public health emergency. After a natural disaster, responders can gather data from mosquito traps or measure landing rates and compare them to baseline information. However, determining a public health emergency caused by mosquito-borne diseases is more complex. Local jurisdictions should establish their own thresholds, considering different species and habitats. This tailored approach ensures effective response measures for specific situations.

8. Cultivate relationships

 Nurturing connections is vital to ensure seamless coordination during public health emergencies. Foster strong relationships with government agencies and political leaders by engaging in regular discussions and facility tours. Regularly conducting drills and simulated scenarios as part of an annual review process can strengthen communication and improve preparedness for all stakeholders.

9. Draft communication templates

Clear, timely communication is crucial during emergencies, and it requires careful planning. To expedite the dissemination of vital information, it’s helpful to have pre-written templates for various communication needs. Public health experts can collaborate with their Public Information Officer or community engagement teams to develop impactful information. When creating a message, it’s important to consider the target audience, communication channels, and the intended message.

10. Ensure regulatory compliance

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By staying on top of regulatory obligations, decision makers can ensure that emergency operations meet all necessary standards. As part of the preparation process, it’s essential to confirm that personnel have the correct licenses and permits for pesticide use and the operation of equipment. While there are exemptions that allow treatments during a public health emergency without prior approvals, paperwork must still be submitted retroactively. 

Integrated Mosquito Management: Empowering Government Leaders with Proactive Planning and Effective Control Strategies

Through an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) Program, mosquito control experts at VDCI can support government leaders with proactive planning, and continuously monitor mosquito population dynamics, insecticide resistance, and the presence of disease. Mapping and surveillance data provides real-time insights that are reported to government leaders via a proprietary database, allowing for more informed decision making about where, when, and how to target control efforts – before an outbreak reaches emergency status. 

Ongoing coordination with government leaders and organizations also includes public education. Involving residents and stakeholders raises awareness about mosquito risks and the need for personal protection. Community engagement also promotes cooperation in eliminating breeding sites and other preventive measures. 

Understanding and preparing for mosquito-related emergencies empowers government leaders to take timely action. By implementing comprehensive plans, allocating budgets, gathering baseline data, establishing action thresholds – and much more – government leaders can help their communities recover rapidly in the event of a disease outbreak. 

Contact Us to Build Your Emergency Response Plan:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

Mosquito Natural Disaster Response: Are You Prepared for the Big Storm?

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Severe weather can be devastating to our communities, bringing heavy rain and flooding, damaging infrastructure, displacing people from their homes, and creating conditions that promote overwhelming mosquito populations. Luckily, it is possible for communities to prepare mosquito management plans ahead of time, so they can be put into action as soon as an incoming disaster is detected.

Following a major storm, mosquito problems develop in a few ways. When flooding occurs, mosquito eggs previously laid by floodwater mosquitoes in moist soil areas will begin to hatch, resulting in abundant populations. Additionally, container-breeding mosquitoes, which reproduce in standing water that has pooled in outdoor containers and debris, will hatch and begin searching for a blood meal. 

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Abundant mosquito populations can force crews and volunteers indoors, potentially slowing debris removal, power restoration, and medical aid. Though many species that appear after storms don’t pose an immediate disease threat, several can become vectors of disease if left unchecked. Culex mosquitoes are a primary vector of West Nile Virus. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are known to spread Dengue, and Aedes vexans can transmit heartworm to pets.

After a storm, communities must act quickly in order to keep mosquito problems from getting out of control. However, these efforts require a great deal of coordination between community leaders, public health organizations, and government agencies. Inefficient communication can waste valuable time and pull attention away from other urgent recovery obligations. Stakeholders can prepare by partnering with a mosquito management company to develop emergency response contingency plans.

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By partnering with a mosquito management company with a mission to protect public health, communities can ensure the prompt execution of mosquito control measures. Effective response programs begin with pre-mission surveillance to gather information about local mosquito species, population dynamics, and the presence of disease. Prior to the storm, ground crews and pilots will map the physical characteristics of the region, identifying areas that may pose accessibility issues, contain endangered species, or be most vulnerable to flooding. 

Your mosquito management partner can also provide guidance on accessing FEMA funds. Districts seeking federal aid for mosquito control need to demonstrate the necessity of post-storm mosquito suppression. Having a comprehensive mosquito abatement program in place before the disaster strikes increases the chances of receiving this funding. Districts that collect baseline data through regular trapping and testing can more easily demonstrate an increase in mosquito populations and justify the use of funds.

Public education is another essential component of storm preparation. Community members can help support mosquito control measures by ensuring water can flow or drain properly when the time comes. This includes removing vegetation, debris, and other blockages from storm drains and gutters, bringing containers such as buckets, wheelbarrows, pet bowls, kiddie pools, and potted plants indoors, and filling in potholes and low spots that are prone to water collection. Eliminating sources of standing water will help reduce available breeding grounds for mosquitoes after the storm.

Public education also includes distributing tips for personal protection from mosquitoes. For outdoor recovery efforts, community members should be prepared to wear light-colored long sleeves and pants, and an EPA-registered insect repellent. VDCI can aid local organizations and media groups in disseminating this important information and keep the public informed throughout the recovery period. 

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Navigating post-storm recovery efforts can be challenging and taxing on an entire community. In the face of structural devastation and medical emergencies, mosquito management can become an afterthought. VDCI is committed to helping officials design contingency plans so that they can competently manage recovery efforts during these times of fear and uncertainty. Over the last 25 years, we have led 17 major emergency response missions, most recently following Hurricane Ian, a category 5 disaster in Southwest Florida in 2022.  

Does your community have an emergency response contingency plan in place for mosquito control? If not, contact us today to learn how we can help you prepare for the unexpected.

Contact Us to Build Your Emergency Response Plan:

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

How VDCI Helps Build an Emergency Response Plan

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Protect Citizens from Abundant Mosquito Populations Post-Storm

Mosquitoes are a continual threat we face each year, and in some areas, they pose a danger all year round. The risk of exposure to mosquitoes can increase exponentially following hurricanes, violent rainstorms, and other natural disasters that leave moisture and standing water—ideal mosquito habitat—in their wake. Emergency response must be swift in order to interrupt breeding activities before mosquito populations surge, but preparing an emergency response plan at the last hour can be detrimental to a community by wasting time, funds, and resources. Developing a response plan for your state or municipality ahead of emergencies will help ensure all the bases are covered when emergencies ensue.

How Mosquito Problems Develop After A Storm

A female mosquito can lay up to 200 eggs in a source of standing water, sometimes as small as a puddle or bottle cap. Following a storm, entire communities can serve as a breeding ground for multiple mosquito species, which can peak over the course of several days and weeks. Vector-disease control companies with a focus on protecting public health are equipped with the tools and knowledge to help communities evaluate the risks they may face following a natural disaster and can customize a preparation plan to mitigate explosions of pest mosquito populations as well as the spread of deadly diseases like Zika, Dengue, West Nile Virus, and Yellow Fever during these times of crisis.

How to Begin Building An Emergency Response Plan

When building effective emergency response plans, VDCI’s ground crews and pilots start by mapping the physical characteristics of the region to identify areas of vulnerability and potential inaccessibility, as well as zones that should be excluded from mosquito treatments due to the presence of endangered species. This information is collected in accordance with requirements set forth by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

VDCI then conducts monitoring and surveillance in target zones to assess local mosquito populations, species dynamics, and disease presence. During this process, experts utilize different types of specialized traps, laboratory tests, and GIS/GPS technologies like state-of-the-art drones to uncover potential trends or patterns in mosquito activity. This comprehensive data is used to establish a baseline that informs every management choice when an emergency occurs, from the types of products used to the frequency of applications. Licensed companies also collaborate with state and federal agencies, local health departments, and media groups to educate community members about mosquito prevention and personal protection strategies.

Prepping for Aerial Mosquito Control Applications

When potential weather emergencies are expected, our experts closely monitor the progression of the storm or hurricane and ensure our aerial and ground fleets are poised to deploy at any time. This preparation includes conducting final inspections of aircraft and servicing loading trucks, communicating with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), bringing in pesticides and advanced equipment, and setting up a home base from which scientists, pilots, and ground crews can safely operate.

Executing An Emergency Response Plan

Once authorized by local authorities, VDCI can take immediate action to apply Ultra Low Volume pesticides that have been EPA-registered for public health use. The primary delivery method is by aircraft; a single plane can treat an average of 30,000 acres in a single evening without obstruction by damaged roads, flooding, downed trees, or other wreckage. However, ground crews can be used to tackle areas where aerial applications may not be suitable. Ground crews are capable of covering roughly 3,000 acres in a single evening with Ultra Low Volume pesticides, which have been tested and do not pose a significant risk to humans or non-target insects per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Once a mission is complete, project responsibilities are not over. VDCI continues trapping and laboratory analysis efforts to measure the success of applications and determine if the mosquito populations have been adequately minimized. This information is then reported to authorities and stakeholders to ensure their goals have been achieved—with the ultimate goal of protecting the public and relief workers as they work to restore power, clear roads, manage flooding, rebuild infrastructure, and aid displaced homeowners.

Hyperactive Storm Seasons Are Coming... Are You Prepared?

Trends indicate that natural disasters are becoming more frequent and intense. The most responsible and effective way for states and local governments to protect their communities is through proactive planning with an experienced vector-disease control company. With a detailed plan in place, communities can focus exclusively on critical restoration efforts that must take place after deadly storms, rather than the often overlooked threat of deadly diseases.

Download the VDCI Emergency Response Informative Guide

Torrential rainstorms, hurricanes, flooding, and other weather events are often followed by a rise in local mosquito populations that can persist for weeks or months, often interfering with recovery efforts.  Learn the importance of post-disaster mosquito management and how to create an emergency response plan to aid recovery efforts in your community so that you can help protect your community after a natural disaster. Prepare now, be protected later.

Download The VDCI Emergency Response Guide

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Our Experience and Qualifications

For more than 20 years, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has aided mosquito control and recovery efforts following natural disasters. Starting with Hurricane Bonnie in 1998, VDCI’s emergency response team has supported communities and abatement districts in protecting relief workers and displaced members of the public. 

Our team can help your community create an emergency response contingency plan for mosquito control efforts after a hurricane, major flood event, or increased disease activity. 

Does your community have an emergency response contingency plan in place for mosquito control? If not, contact us today or call 800.413.4445  to learn more about how we can help you prepare for the unexpected.

Contact Us Today to Learn How You Can Build an Emergency Response Plan for Your Community

VDCI_Logo_squareSince 1992, Vector Disease Control International (VDCI) has taken pride in providing municipalities, mosquito abatement districts, industrial sites, planned communities, homeowners associations, and golf courses with the tools they need to run effective mosquito control programs. We are determined to protect the public health of the communities in which we operate. Our mosquito control professionals have over 100 years of combined experience in the field of public health, specifically vector disease control. We strive to provide the most effective and scientifically sound mosquito surveillance and control programs possible based on an Integrated Mosquito Management approach recommended by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). VDCI is the only company in the country that can manage all aspects of an integrated mosquito management program, from surveillance to disease testing to aerial application in emergency situations.

What Can You Expect After a Major Storm – Mosquito Edition

Mosquito management

Rainstorms, floods, and hurricanes not only cripple infrastructure, they also result in excess moisture and standing water causing mosquito populations to increase aggressively. Read about the mosquito problems that you can except after a major storm and how VDCI can help communities reduce associated risks.

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